asthenia, weakness

Beta vulgaris

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Haiti:

bètrouj

Dominican Republic:

remolacha

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

root, juice, taken orally with sugar and/or honey and/or milk^1-3

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Use for period delay (amenorrhoea), asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and on available published scientific information.

Due to health risks involved with asthenia and weakness, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated.

The root of Beta vulgaris is widely used for human consumption and is an industrial source of sucrose.

For period delay (amenorrhoea), asthenia and weakness:

Wash the fresh crude root. Prepare 100 mL juice. Drink one or more times a day²⁹.

1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986
Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d’Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984
Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

3 WENIGER B, 1987-88
Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

4 CHIERICI L, 1953
Allantoin and tyrosine in beets. Ateneo Parmense 24:185-188.

5 DUBBELS R, REITER RJ, KLENKE E, GOEBEL A, SCHNAKENBERG E, EHLERS C, SCHIWARA HW, SCHLOOT W, 1995
Melatonin in edible plants identified by radioimmunoassay and by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pineal Res 18(1):28-31.

6 TYIHAK E, 1964
Effective component in the effect of the red beet (Beta vulgaris var conditiva) on tumors. Naturwissenschaften 51:315-316.

7 IKEKITA M, MORIYA H, MORIWAKI C, RURIKAWA T, 1979
Some properties of anti-bradykinin substance from beet (Beta vulgaris L. var rapa Dumort. f rubra DC.) roots. Yakugaku Zasshi 99:607-611.

8 NEURATH GB, DUNGER M, PEIN FG, AMBROSIUS D, SCHREIBER O, 1977
Primary and secondary amines in the human environment. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15(4):275-282.

9 PARFENENKO VV, BUZINA GV, LUTSENKO OK, 1974
Production of gel-forming beet pectin in the presence of 1.1% hydrochloric acid. Khlebopek Konditer Prom 1974(10):20.

10 CHOLLET MM, 1950
Sucrose and raffinose in beets. Bull Soc Bot Fr 1950:173-177.

11 PIATTELLI M, MINALE L, PROTA G, 1965
Pigments of centrospermae. III. Betaxanthins from Beta vulgaris L. Phytochemistry 4:121-125.

12 GEORGIEV VG, WEBER J, KNESCHKE EM, DENEV PN, BLEY T, PAVLOV AI, 2010
Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of betalain extracts from intact plants and hairy root cultures of the red beetroot Beta vulgaris cv. Detroit dark red. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 65(2):105-111.

13 HERRMANN K, 1957
Oxidative enzymes and phenolic substrate in vegetables and fruit. I. Hydroxycinnamic acids. Z Lebensm-Unters Forsch 106:341-348.

14 BURBA M, NITZSCHKE U, 1974
Oxalic acid in sugar beet roots. Int Sugar J 76:326.

15 TAKAHASHI H, SASAKI T, ITO M, 1987
New flavonoids isolated from infected sugar beet roots. Bull Chem Soc Japan 60(6):2261-2262.

16 ELLIGER CA, HALLOIN JM, 1994
Phenolics induced in Beta vulgaris by Rhizoctonia solani infection. Phytochemistry 37(3):691-693.

17 YOSHIKAWA M, MURAKAMI T, KADOYA M, MATSUDA H, MURAOKA O, YAMAHARA J, MURAKAMI N, 1996
Medicinal foodstuffs. III. Sugar beet. (1): Hypoglycemic oleanolic acid oligoglycosides, betavulgarosides I, II, III, and IV, from the root of Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae). Chem Pharm Bull 44(6):1212-1217.

18 YOSHIKAWA M, MURAKAWI T, KADOYA M, YAMAHARA J, MATSUDA H, 1998
Medicinal foodstuffs. XV. Sugar beet. (2): Structures of betavulgarosides V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X from the roots and leaves of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L., Chenopodiaceae). Chem Pharm Bull 46(11):1758-1763.

19 KUJALA TS, LOPONEN JM, KLIKA KD, PIHLAJA K, 2000
Phenolics and betacyanins in red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) root: distribution and effect of cold storage on the content of total phenolics and three individual compounds. J Agric Food Chem 48(11):5338-5342.

20 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986
Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press, p26.

21 MORON F, 1990
Actividades biológicas de Beta vulgaris. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Instituto Superior de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba.

22 CARBALLO A, RODRIGUEZ A, RODRIGUEZ O, LLENDERROZOS A, 1992
Efectividad de la administración del zumo de raíces de remolacha (Beta vulgaris L.) en el control de la astenia. Estudio clínico controlado. Informe TRAMIL. Instituto Superior de Ciencias Médicas. Santa Clara, Cuba.

23 PRAHOVEANU E, ESANU V, ANTON G, FRUNZULIC S, 1986
Prophylactic effect of a Beta vulgaris extract on experimental influenza infection in mice. Rev Roum Med Virol 37(2):121-124.

24 JOSEPH H, GRANDGUILLOTTE M, 1986
Recherches bibliographiques. SNPG, Guadeloupe. TRAMIL II, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, UASD/enda-caribe.

25 RAO VSN, DASARADHAN P, KRISHNALAH KS, 1979
Antifertility effect of some indigenous plants. Indian J Med Res 70:517-520.

26 NAVRATIL B, ZEMAN L, 1976
Effect of the daily ration and the type of complete mixed feed fed to pregnant sows on the number and weight of piglets. Zivocisna Uyrpba 21:295-303.

27 ELBE JH, SCHWARTZ SJ, 1981
Absence of mutagenic activity and an short-term toxicity study of beet pigments as food colorants. Arch Toxicol 49:93-98.

28 VAN DER WALT SJ, STEYN DG, 1946
Recent investigations into the toxicity of plants, etc.XV. Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Animal Ind 21(1):45-55.

29 GREER MA, ASTWOOD EB, 1948
The antithyroid effect of certain foods in man as determined with radioactive iodine. Endocrinology 43:105-119.

30 VANACLOCHA B, CAÑIGUERAL S, (eds.) 2003
Beta vulgaris. En: Fitoterapia. Vademecum de Prescripción. 4ta Edición. Editorial MASSON, Barcelona, España, p428.

Chamissoa altissima

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Haiti:

lyann panye

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

leaf, broth (long decoction with salt), orally¹

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Use for asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, and toxicity studies.

Due to the health risks involved with asthenia and weakness, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless contraindicated.

The leaves of Chamissoa altissima are widely used for human consumption.

For asthenia and weakness:

There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.

1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986
Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

2 WENIGER B, SAVARY H, DAGUIHL R, 1984
Tri phytochimique de plantes de la liste TRAMIL. Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Haïti, Port au Prince, Haïti.

3 DHENIN J, SUAREZ I, 1990
Datos promedio sobre Chamissoa altissima HBK. Análisis fitoquímicos de hojas. Informe TRAMIL. ORSTOM, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia.

4 DUKE JA, 1999
Chemicals and their biological activities in: Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) HBK. Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. USDA-ARS-NGRL, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, USA. Nov.20,1999. URL: www.ars-grin.gov/duke/

5 BLUNDEN G, YANG MH, JANICSAK G, MATHE I, CARABOT-CUERVO A, 1999
Betaine distribution in the Amaranthaceae. Biochem Syst Ecol 27(1):87-92.

6 GARCIA MD, SAENZ MT, 1995
Toxicidad aguda de algunas plantas TRAMIL. Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España.

7 WENIGER B, ITALIANO L, BECK J, ANTON R, ROBINEAU L, 1993
Activités biologiques (cytotoxicité, effet sur la croissance, effet inmunomodulateur) dans des systèmes de cellules animales et humaines en culture de drogues végétales de la Caraïbe. Rapport TRAMIL. Tunis, Tunisie: 1er Congrès Intercontinental Plantes Médicinales et Phytothérapie.

Cucurbita moschata

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Dominican Republic:

auyama

Haiti:

jiroumou
jiwomon

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

leaf, broth, orally¹

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Use for burns is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies.

Use should be limited only to superficial burns (skin injury) that are not extensive (covering less than 10% of body surface) and are located away from high-risk areas such as face, hands, feet and genitals.

For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection.

Use for jaundice, asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys.

Due to the health risks involved in hepatic disorders, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated. Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should jaundice last more than 3 days, seek medical attention.

Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 3 years old.

The fruit and the flower of Cucurbita moschata are widely used for human consumption.

For asthenia and weakness

There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.

For jaundice:

Prepare a decoction or infusion with 5-7 grams of flowers in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. In the case of the decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot; for infusion, add boiling water to 5 grams of flower. Filter, cool down and drink 1 cup 3 times a day²⁸.

For burns:

Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Apply the leaf juice in sufficient quantity to affected area. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth and replace twice a day.

1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986
Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

2 WENIGER B, 1987-88
Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

3 HEGNAUER R, 1973
Chemotaxonomy der Pflanzen. Basel, Schweiz: Birkhauser Verlag. 6:882.

4 WASHUTTL J, Reiderer P, Bancher E, 1973
A qualitative and quantitative study of sugar-alcohols in several foods. J Food Sci 38(7):1262-1263.

5 DUKE JA, 2000
Chemicals and their biological activities in: Cucurbita moschata. Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. USDA-ARS-NGRL, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, USA, August 10, 2000. www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/farmacy2.pl

6 BANG MH, HAN JT, KIM HY, PARK YD, PARK CH, LEE KR, BAEK NI, 2002
13-Hydroxy-9Z,11E,15E-octadecatrienoic acid from the leaves of Cucurbita moschata. Arch Pharm Res 25(4):438-440.

7 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986
Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p55.

8 USDA
www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/cgi-bin/nut_search.pl?squash

9 HERRERA J, 1992
Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos usados en medicina tradicional popular en la cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Fitofarmacología, Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

10 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2008
Antiinflamatorio tópico, en ratones, de la hoja de Curcubita moschata. Informe TRAMIL, Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

11 VILENCHIK M, 1989
Fundamentos biológicos del envejecimiento y la longevidad. Moscú, URSS: Ed. MIR.

12 HERRERA J, 1990
Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos de vegetales utilizados en medicina tradicional en la cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Fitofarmacología, Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

13 WENIGER B, 1992
Cytotoxicité, effets immunodulateurs et morphologique des extraits éthanolique 80% et aqueux de feuille de Cucurbita. Rapport TRAMIL. Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.

14 HURTADO M, CARBALLO A, 1990
Las plantas medicinales TRAMIL en la farmacopea Soviética. Centro de Investigaciones de Fitoterapia y Medicina Tradicional, Topes de Collantes, Cuba.

15 PARIS R, MOYSE H, 1981
Précis de matière médicale. Paris, France: Ed. Maloine.

16 CHEN ZK, PU TC, LI DY, JIANG HA, 1980
Therapeutic effect of cucurbitine on dog taeniasis. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1(2):124-126.

17 ALBORNOZ A, 1993
Medicina tradicional herbaria. Guía de Fitoterapia. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Instituto Farmacoterápico Latino S.A. p226.

Mangifera indica

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Saint Lucia:

mango

Guatemala:

mango

Haiti:

mango

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

Use for indigestion (burn) is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation and available published scientific information.

The use of the flower for bronchitis is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies.

The use of the flower for weakness, pneumonia and cough is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should bronchitis, pneumopathy or cough last more than 2 days, seek medical attention.

The fruit ofMangifera indica is widely used for human consumption.

For cough and pneumonia:

Prepare a decoction with 15-20 leaves in 1 liter of water, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot, allow to cool, and drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

For bronchitis, indigestion (burn) and weakness:

Prepare an infusion, adding 250 mL (1 cup) of boiling water to 3 leaves. Cover and allow cool down for 5-10 minutes, and then filter. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

1 GIRON L, 1988
Encuesta TRAMIL (Costa atlántica). Centro Mesoamericano de Tecnología CEMAT, Guatemala, Guatemala.

2 JEAN-PIERRE L, 1988
TRAMIL survey. St. Lucia national herbarium, Castries, St. Lucia

3 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986
Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

4 CRAVEIRO AA, ANDRADE CH, MATOS FJ, ALENCAR JW, MACHADO MI, 1980
Volatile constituents of Mangifera indica Linn. Rev Latinoamer Quim 11:129.

5 TANAKA T, SUEYASU T, NONAKA G-I, NISHIOKA I, 1984
Tannins and related compounds. XXI. Isolation and characterization of galloyl and p-hydroxybenzoyl esters of benzophenone and xanthone c-glucosides from Mangifera indica L. Chem Pharm Bull 32(7):2676-2686.

6 PROCTOR JTA, CREASY LL, 1969
The anthocyanin of the mango fruit. Phytochemistry 8(10):2108.

7 SHAFT N, IKRAM M, 1982
Quantitative survey of rutin-containing plants. Part 1. Int J Crude Drug Res 20(4):183-186.

8 NIGAM IC, 1962
Studies in some Indian essential oils. Agra Univ J Res Sci 11:147-152.

9 LU ZY, MAO HD, HE MR, LU SY, 1982
Studies on the chemical constituents of mangguo (Mangifera indica) leaf. Chung Ts'ao Yao 13:3-6.

10 PHARM XS, PHARM GK, 1991
The extraction and determination of the flavonoid mangiferin in the bark and leaves of Mangifera indica. Tap Chi Duoc Hoc 5:8-19.

11 ANJANEYULU V, PRASAD KH, RAO GS, 1982
Triterpenoids of the leaves of Mangifera indica. Indian J Pharm Sci 44:58-59.

12 GRIFFITHS LA, 1959
On the distribution of gentisic acid in green plants. J Exp Bot 10(3):437-442.

13 GHOSAL S, BISWAS K, CHATTOPADHYAY BK, 1978
Differences in the chemical constituents of Mangifera indica infected with Aspergillus niger and Fusarium moniliformae. Phytochemistry 17(4):689-694.

14 KHAN MA, KHAN MNI, 1989
Alkyl gallates of flowers of Mangifera indica. Fitoterapia 60(3):284.

15 KHAN MA, KHAN MNI, 1993
Studies in the chemical constituents of flowers of Mangifera indica. Part-II. Isolation and characterization of some alkylgallates from blossoms of Mangifera indica. Pak J Sci Ind 35(7/8):276-278.

16 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986
Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p105.

17 GARCIA GM, COTO MT, GONZALEZ CS, PAZOS L, 1998
Velocidad del tránsito intestinal en ratón, del extracto acuoso de hoja fresca de Mangifera indica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBi, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

18 CACERES A, GONZALEZ S, GIRON L, 1998
Demostración de la actividad antimicrobiana de plantas tramil en base a los usos populares en la cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de productos fitofarmacéuticos Farmaya y Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala, Guatemala.

19 GARCIA GM, COTO MT, GONZALEZ CS, PAZOS L, 1999
Actividad bronquial del extracto acuoso de flores frescas de Mangifera indica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBi, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

20 SOUZA BRITO ARM, HIRUMA-LIMA CA, LIMA ZP, 2003
Atividades biológicas obtidas dos extratos hidroalcoólicos das folhas e flores da Mangifera indica. Informe TRAMIL, Depto. Fisiologia, Inst. Biociências UNESP, Botucatu, SP y Depto. Fisiologia, Inst. Biologia, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil.

21 ASWAL BS, BHAKUNI DS, GOEL AK, KAR K, MEHROTRA BN, MUKHERJEE KC, 1984
Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: Part X. Indian J Exp Biol 22(6):312-332.

22 HERRERA J, 1992
Determinación de parámetros farmacológicos usados en medicina tradicional popular en la cuenca del Caribe. Informe TRAMIL. Dep. de Farmacología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

23 GARCIA GM, COTO MT, GONZALES CS, PAZOS L, 2000
Toxicidad aguda en ratones, del extracto acuoso de flores frescas de Mangifera indica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBi, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

24 FRAME AD, RIOSOLIVARES E, DE JESUS L, ORTIZ D, PAGAN J, MENDEZ S, 1998
Plants from Puerto Rico with anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis properties. P R Health Sci J 17(3):243-253.

25 SHARMA SR, DWIVEDI SK, SWARUP D, 1997
Hypoglycaemic potential of Mangifera indica leaves in rats. Int J Pharmacog 35(2):130-133.

26 OLIVER-BEVER B, 1986
Medicinal plants in tropical West Africa. Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press.

27 GUPTA MP, ARIAS TD, CORREA M, LAMBA SS, 1979
Ethnopharmacognostic observations on Panamanian medicinal plants. Part I. Q J Crude Drug Res 17(3/4):115-130.

Musa sp.

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Barbados:

banana

Haiti:

bannan matenten

Dominican Republic:

rulo

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

fruit pulp, broth with salt, orally²

Recommendations Preparation and Dosage References

According to published and other information:

There is no available information in scientific literature to validate the effects attributed to the fruit pulp, broth with salt, or cooked fruit pulp, taken orally for asthenia and weakness.

Use for diarrhea is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and on available published scientific information.

In case of diarrhea, the use of this resource can be considered complementary to oral re-hydration therapy.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should diarrhea last more than 3 days in adults or 2 days in children older than 3, seek medical attention.

Use for injury, sore, inflammation and rheumatism is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys.

For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, seek medical attention.

Not for use by children under 6 months of age.

The fruit of Musa xparadisiaca is widely used for human consumption and the leaf of the plant is used for producing foodstuffs.

TRAMIL Research¹⁶

For inflammation:

Prepare a decoction with 100-200 grams of ground leaf in 1 liter (4 cups) of water. Boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. Filter, leave to cool down and soak affected area.

For injury and sore:

Wash injury with boiled water and soap. Apply the grated mesoderm (pulp) of the fruit or the sap of the fruit peel to affected area¹⁶. Cover injury with dressing or clean cloth, and replace 2 times a day.

For asthenia, weakness, diarrhea and rheumatism:

There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.

Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.

1 SIMMONDS NW, 1962
The evolution of the bananas. London, England: Longmans, Green & Co. Ltd. p170.

2 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986
Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

3 FAUJOUR A, MURREY D, CHELTENHAM-CORBIN B, CARRINGTON S, 2003
TRAMIL survey. enda-caribbean, IICA & UAG, Saint Thomas, Barbados.

4 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984
Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

5 PALMER J, WYMAN H, 1965
Organic acids in banana leaves. Phytochemistry 4(2):305-309.

6 WONG W, 1976
Some folk medicinal plants from Trinidad. Econ Bot 30:103-142.

7 DUTTA PK, DAS AK, BANERJI N, 1983
A tetracyclic triterpenoid from Musa paradisiaca. Phytochemistry22(11):2563-2564.

8 WILLAMAN JJ, HUI-LIN L, 1970
Alkaloid-bearing plants and their contained alkaloids, 1957-1968. Lloydia33(3A)Supp.

9 FRIESE FW, 1934
Plantas medicinais brasileiras. Sao Paulo, Brasil: Inst Agro do Estado Sao Paulo. p252-494.

10 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986
Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants.Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press.

11 MORON FJ, GARCIA AI, VICTORIA MC, MOREJON Z, LOPEZ M, BACALLAO Y, FUENTES V, 2008
Acción analgésica oral de la decocción de hojas frescas de Musa x paradisiaca L. (plátano) en ratones. Trabajo TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Cuba.

12 FRIAS AI, GARCIA N, MOREJON Z, MORON F, VICTORIA MC, 2009
Efecto antiinflamatorio tópico de la decocción de hojas frescas de Musa x paradisiaca L. (plátano) en el edema de la oreja inducido por aceite de Croton en ratones. Trabajo TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Cuba.

13 MORON FJ, MOREJON Z, VICTORIA MC, BACALLAO Y, FUENTES V, 2009
Acción sobre el tránsito intestinal del zumo fresco del fruto maduro de Musa x paradisiaca L. (plátano) en ratones. Trabajo TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología. Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Cuba.

14 RICHTER E, VORE L, 1989
Antimicrobial activity of banana puree. Food Microbiol 6(3):179-187.

15 ALONSO J, 1998
Tratado de fitomedicina: bases clínicas y farmacológicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: ISIS ediciones SRL. p125-126.

16 NEGWER M, 1987
Organic chemical drugs and their synonyms (an international survey). 6^th ed. Berlin, Germany: Akademie Verlag.

17 CARBALLO A, 1995
Plantas medicinales del Escambray cubano. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba.

18 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009
Irritación dérmica, piel lesionada en conejos, de la savia del fruto verde de Musa paradisiaca. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

19 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009
Irritación dérmica, piel lesionada en conejos, del mesodermo del fruto maduro de Musa paradisiaca. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

20 PAZOS L, COTO T, CAIZA F, 2009
Irritación dérmica, piel sana en conejos, porción de hoja calentada de Musa paradisiaca. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos, LEBi, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

21 CARBALLO A, 1995
Cálculo de concentración y dosis de las drogas vegetales TRAMIL: Mensuraciones farmacognósticas y aproximaciones técnico-clínicas. Laboratorio provincial de producción de medicamentos, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba.

Musa sp.

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Barbados:

banana

Haiti:

bannan matenten

Dominican Republic:

rulo

Significant uses found by the TRAMIL surveys

fruit pulp, cooked, orally²