Zea mays

Scientific name: Zea mays L.

Botanical family: POACEAE

Vernacular names

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Dominican Republic:

maíz

Haiti:

mayi

Other vernacular names

Cuba:

maiz
Maíz

Haiti:

Mayi
Mayi rouj
Mayi/maíz

Martinique:

mayi, maïs

Botanical description

Annual, monoecious, leafy succulent grass, 1-5 m high. Leaves alternate at the nodes, 30-150 x 5-15 cm, glabrous or pubescent, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; male inflorescence, a large terminal panicle up to 40 cm long, female inflorescences in axillary sheath cobs, ca. 30 cm in length; fruit a grain or caryopsis white, yellow, reddish or purple.

Voucher(s)

Girón,240,CFEH

Fuentes,4735,ROIG

edema

styles, decoction with salt, orally¹

inflammation

styles, decoction with salt, orally¹

edema

styles, aqueous maceration, orally¹

inflammation

styles, aqueous maceration, orally¹

kidney pain

styles and/or seed, decoction, orally²(frequently with Spermacoce assurgens “Juana la blanca”)

The grains of the fruit of Zea mays are widely used for human consumption.

For edema, inflammation and kidney pain:

Prepare a decoction, infusion or maceration with 10 grams of fresh style or 2 grams of dried style (beard or silage, also called cornsilk) in 1 liter of water.

For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in a covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to styles, cover and leave to cool down. For maceration, add styles to 1 liter of boiled water, and leave to settle for 12 hours.

Drink several times a day^27-28.

Any medicinal preparation must be preserved cold and used within the 24 hours.

According to published and other information:

Uses for edema, inflammation and kidney pain are classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, scientific validation and available published scientific information.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should kidney pain persist for more than 3 days, seek medical attention.

The use of this resource for kidney infection or stones can be considered complementary to medical treatment due to its diuretic effects.

In the event of edema and inflammation, an initial medical evaluation is recommended because of the possible health risks involved.

Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old.

Trabajo TRAMIL²⁹ (will be translated in 3rd Ed.)

La semilla fresca machacada, se aplicó tópicamente en parche sobre la piel (0,6 g / 6 cm²), en 3 conejos machos Nueva Zelanda. Se retiró el parche a las 4 horas y se lavó el área, se hicieron las lecturas de eritema y edema a 1, 24, 48 y 72 horas, mostró un índice de 0.0 que clasifica como no irritante.

High doses of extract-type preparations using styles may cause colic and diarrhea⁷.

There is no available information documenting the safety of medicinal use in children or in pregnant or lactating women.

Styles / stigmas contain benzenoids : 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,2-dimethyl-4-ethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethyl-4-ethylbenzene, biphenyl³; phenylpropanoids: chlorogenic acid⁴, ethyl cinnamate³; flavonoids: cyanidin⁵, luteoforol, apiforol, luteolinidin, orientin, pelargonidin, maysin and derivatives⁶, apigenin and chrysoeriol glycosides⁷; monoterpenes : 1,8-cineol, geraniol, a-terpineol; sesquiterpenes : geosmine, b-ionone³; steroids : b-sitosterol, daucosterol⁸; miscellaneous : pyrrole, glycolic acid⁹, hepta-4-en-2-ol, fluorene, 2-pentylfuran³, hept-trans-2-en-1-al and various alkanes¹⁰.

The following part plants have been extensively studied : leaf^11-12, seed^13-17 and root^17-19, among others.

Proximate analysis of 100 g of seed²⁰: calories: 334; water: 12%; proteins : 21.6%; fat: 2.5%; carbohydrates : 63.1%; fiber: 0.4%; ash : 0.4%; calcium : 9 mg; phosphorus : 194 mg; iron: 3.3 mg; carotene: 0 µg; thiamine : 0.14 mg; riboflavin: 0.07 mg; niacin : 0.70 mg; ascorbic acid : 0 mg.

TRAMIL Research²¹

The hydroalcoholic extract (50%) of the style at a concentration of 50 µL/agar plate was inactive in vitro against strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

The aqueous extract (decoction) of the dried stigma administered orally (1 g/kg) to rats had diuretic effects²².

The aqueous extract (infusion) of the dried stigma (2 g/L) administered ad libitum as common water to rats had diuretic effects and caused a decline in the concentrations of phosphate and magnesium in urine; these effects did not occur when the animals’ feed was rich in proteins and carbohydrates²³.

The hydroalcoholic extract (50%) of the fresh style, "silk", administered orally to rats (40 mL/kg) had hypotensive and diuretic effects^24-25.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving human subjects, the oral administration of the aqueous extract of stigmas and styles (decoction) to adults (1.2 L/person) caused diuretic effects undistinguishable from placebo²⁶.

Pharmacopoeia

Ed.2

References

1 WENIGER B, ROUZIER M, 1986 Enquête TRAMIL. Service Oecuménique d'Entraide SOE, Port au Prince, Haïti.

2 GERMOSEN-ROBINEAU L, GERONIMO M, AMPARO C, 1984 Encuesta TRAMIL. enda-caribe, Santo Domingo, Rep. Dominicana.

3 FLATH RA, FORREY RR, JOHN JO, CHAN BG, 1978 Volatile components of corn silk (Zea mays): possible Heliothis zea (boddie) attractants. J Agric Food Chem 26:1290-1293.

4 GUELDNER RC, SNOOK ME, WIDSTROM NW, WISEMAN BR, 1992 tlc screen for maysin, chlorogenic acid, and other possible resistance factors to the fall armyworm and the corn earworm in zea mays. J Agric Food Chem 40(7):1211-1213.

5 STYLKEES ED, CESKA O, 1975 Genetic control of 3-hydroxy- and 3-deoxy-flavonoids in Zea mays. Phytochemistry 14:413-415.

6 ELLIGER CA, RABIN LB, 1981 Separation of plant polyphenolics by chromatography on a boronate resin. J Chromatogr 216:261-268.

7 ELLIGER CA, CHAN BG, WAISS AC, LUNDIN JR RE, HADDON WF, 1980 C-glycosylflavones from Zea mays that inhibit insect development. Phytochemistry 19:293-297.

8 DOMINGUEZ XA, BUTRUILLE D, ALVAREZ E, 1976 Note on a chemical study of cabello de elote. Rev Latinoamer Quim 7:93.

9 BALANSARD J, 1951 A study of the hepato-renal diuretics. xxxv. the presence of glycolic acid in various drugs used as diuretics. Med Trop (Marseille) 11:638-639.

10 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, CHAN BG, 1978 Volatiles of kernels and husks: Possible corn ear worm attractants. J Agric Food Chem 26:866-869.

11 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, 1984 Corn leaf volatiles: Identification using tenax trapping for possible insect attractants. J Agric Food Chem 32(5):1104-1106.

12 TAKAGI S, 1985 Determination of green leaf carotenoids by hplc. Agr Biol Chem 49(4):1211-1213.

13 NEURATH GB, DUNGER M, PEIN FG, AMBROSIUS D, SCHREIBER O, 1977 Primary and secondary amines in the human environment. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15(4):275-282.

14 HOFMAN J, HOFMANOVA O, 1969 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives in plants. Sephadex fractionation and identification of a new glucoside. Eur J Biochem 8(1):109-112.

15 SAKATA K, YAMAMOTO H, TANAKA H, SHINOZUKA M, 1982 Studies of components of raw corn (zea mays l.) and corn silage. 7. Components of the nonvolatile acidic fraction of raw corn and the volatile phenolic fraction of corn silage. Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 56:451-453.

16 UNSELD E, KRISHNA DR, FISCHER C, KLOTZ UL, 1989 Detection of desmethyldiazepam and diazepam in brain of different species and plants. Biochem Pharmacol 38(15):2473-2478 (1989)

17 CHITWOOD DJ, HUTZELL PA, LUSBY WR, 1985 Sterol composition of the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae, and corn roots. J Nematol 17(1):64-68.

18 FELDMAN LJ, ARROYAVE NJ, SUN PS, 1985 Abscisic acid, xanthoxin and violaxanthin in the caps of gravistimulated maize roots. Planta 166(4):483-489.

19 BUTTERY RG, LING LC, 1985 Volatile components of corn roots: Possible insect attractants. J Agric Food Chem 33(4):772-774.

20 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p172.

21CACERES A, MENENDEZ H, MENDEZ E, COHOBON E, SAMAYAO BE, JAUREGUI E, PERALTA E, CARRILLO G, 1995 Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 48(2):85-88.

22 CACERES A, GIRON LM, MARTINEZ AM, 1987 Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 19(3):233-245.

23 GRASES F, MARCH JG, RAMIS M, COSTA-BAUZÁ A, 1993 The influence of Zea mays on urinary risk factors for kidney stones in rats. Phytother Res 7(2):146-149.

24 DE A RIBEIRO R, FIUZA DE MELO MMR, DE BARROS F, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1986 Acute antihypertensive effect in conscious rat produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo. J Etnopharmacol 15(3):261-270.

25DE A RIBEIRO R, BARROS F, MARGARIDA M, MELO RF, MUNIZ C, CHIEIA S, WANDERLEY MG, GOMES C, TROLIN G, 1988 Acute diuretic effects in conscious rat produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo, Brasil. J Etnopharmacol 24(1):19-29.

26DOAN DD, NGUYEN NH, DOAN HK, NGUYEN TL, PHAN TS, VAN DAU N, GRABE M, JOHANSSON R, LINDGREN G, STJERNSTROM NE, 1992 Studies on the individual and combined diuretic effects of four Vietnamese traditional herbal remedies (Zea mays, Imperata cylindrica, Plantago major and Orthosiphon stamineus). J Ethnopharmacol 36(3):225-231.

27 ARTECHE A (Ed.), 1998 Zea mays, Fitoterapia, Vademecum de Prescripción, Base de Datos FITOS para Windows v1.0, Editorial Masson SA, Madrid, España.

28 WICHTL M, ANTON R, 1999 Plantes thérapeutiques. Paris, France: TEC & DOC. p334.

29 LOPEZ M, MARTINEZ MJ, MOREJON Z, BOUCOURT E, FUENTES V, MORON F, 2005 Irritabilidad dérmica primaria de semilla fresca machacada de Zea mays L. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio Central de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina “Dr. Salvador Allende”, Cerro, C. Habana, Cuba.

Disclaimer

The information provided is for educational purposes only for the benefit of the general public and health professionals. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations. Since some parts of plants could be toxic, might induce side effects, or might have interactions with certain drugs, anyone intending to use them or their products must first consult with a physician or another qualified health care professional. TRAMIL has no responsibility whatsoever towards the user for any decision, action or omission made in relation to the information contained in this Pharmacopoeia.

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Zea mays

Vernacular names

Dominican Republic:

Haiti:

Cuba:

Haiti:

Martinique:

Botanical description

Voucher(s)

Pharmacopoeia

References

Disclaimer