Tree, up to 30 m high, bark fissured, with milky white latex.  Leaves, simple, alternate, blades oblanceolate, 10-60 x 4.5-5 cm, apex acuminate, base cuneate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; inflorescence in clusters at defoliated nodes or cauliflorus; flowers white with corolla 9-10 mm long; fruit ellipsoid, ovoid or subglobose 8-20 cm long, brown, rough; seeds solitary, broadly obovate, deep brown to black and shiny.

Shrub or small tree, up to 12 m high with spreading branches armed with straight spines 0.6-2.5 cm.  Leaves, petiolate 1-4 cm, bipinnate with glands between pairs of pinnae, pinnae 1 pair rarely 2, leaflets 12-20 pairs linear-oblong, 7-16 x 1.5-3.2 mm, apex obtuse or short abrupt point; inflorescence axillary in spikelike racemes, 5-10 cm long; flowers densely packed with pale yellow corolla 2.5 mm long; pod compressed, 7-20 cm x 1-1.6 cm, slightly curved, pale yellow; seeds brown 6 mm embedded in white sweet pulp.

Annual or biannual herb, 20-80 cm high.  Stems with hirsute-glandulose.  Leaves, linear-lanceolate, apex acute or acuminate, margin usually revolute, veinsgreen, densely or scarcely hirsute-glandulose, underside with wooly surface.  Inflorescence head, simple or corymbose; corolla yellow, sometimes with coffee-colored apex.  Achenes oblong or tightly obovate, coffee-colored.

Shrub or tree up to 10 m high, bark peeling in large, smooth, thin, flakes. Leaves, opposite in pairs, elliptic or oblong, obtuse at tip, cuneate at base, blades 7-14 x 2.5-5 cm hairy beneath and transparent dots; flower usually solitary, petals white, stamens numerous; fruit highly aromatic and edible, a globose or pear-shaped berry, 2-6 cm in diameter, ripening yellow with yellow or pinkish flesh surrounding numerous hard seeds.

Monecious, short-lived shrub or small tree, more than 5 m high with copious clear sap.  Leaves spiral, long-stalked, blades 60 cm. broad, peltate, palmately divided into 7 or more lobes; inflorescence terminal panicle to 20 cm long or more; male flowers clustered at the base of pedicels with white calyx ca, 9 mm long, female flowers at the top of pedicels with calyx deciduous; fruit a capsule oblong about 2.5 cm long, spiny prickles; seeds elliptic,10-17 mm long, mottled grey or brown.  

Perennial shrub 2-3 m high. Stems glabrous but pubescent on younger branches.  Leaves broadly elliptical, acuminate at both ends 6-12 cm x 3-6 cm; inflorescence a lax racemes 10-15 cm long, corolla tubular 2.5 mm long, white and purple; fruit 4 spherical nutlets with verrucose pericarp, 1.2 mm in diameter.