Evergreen tree up to 15 m high with smooth, whitish, variegated and flaking bark, hard and heavy wood.  Leaves simple, entire, opposite in pairs, dark green, leathery, oblong to elliptic, obtuse at the tip, rounded at the base, 15-20 x 5-7 cm, prominent  venation, highly aromatic when crushed; inflorescence a compound panicle 5-10 cm long, flowers numerous 3-4 mm long, white; fruit a subglobose to ellipsoid berry, 8-10 mm long, thickly covered with small convex glands, black when ripe.

Tree, up to 20 m high, very aromatic.  Leaves elliptic-oblong to oblong, 6-12 cm long, obtuse at the apex, round to acute at the base, coriaceous.  Inflorescences cymose; flowers thrice or twice trichotomous, in clusters of up to 9 flowers. Berries globose, glabrous, glandulose.

Tree, up to 20 m high with pale brown bark. Leaves simple, opposite, entire, leathery, oblong to elliptical, 6-20 cm long, glandular dotted, aromatic when crushed; inflorescence a compound panicle 4-12 cm long, with many white, short-lived flowers, 1.5mm long; fruit a globose, reddish-brown berry, 4-6.5 mm in diameter, producing an aromatic flavour of a mixture of nutmeg, clove and cinnamon.

A weedy, deeply rooted, subherbaceous perennial 60-150 cm. high with the strong smell of garlic when broken. Leaves spirally arranged, simple, entire, oblong to elliptic, acute to acuminate at the tip, 20 x 7 cm. usually glabrous; Inflorescence a spikes up to 40 cm. long with minute hairs; 4 white perianth, becoming green in fruit; fruit an achene 6-8 mm long, flattened against the rachis of the inflorescence, developing two sharpely pointed, deflex bristles at the tip.

Tree 14-40 m high. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, elliptic to obovate, acute or acuminate at the tip, cuneate or rounded at the base, penninerved, 6-30 cm x 3.5-19 cm. upper surface glabrescent, lower surface glaucose; inflorescence axilary, compact or loose panicles; flowers perfect, greenish-yellowish, perianth segments 4-6 mm long; fruit a pear-shaped drupe, shiny, green or purplish, up to ca.15 cm long; seed fleshy, loose in the pericarp at maturity.