Aloe vera

Scientific name: Aloe vera (L.) Burm.

Synonym: Aloe barbadensis Mill.

Botanical family: XANTHORRHOEACEAE

Vernacular names

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Barbados:

aloe

Trinidad and Tobago:

aloe

Guadeloupe:

lalwé

Venezuela:

sábila

Puerto Rico:

sábila

Other vernacular names

Guadeloupe:

aloe
aloès (lalwé)

Barbados:

aloes

Dominica:

aloes
aloes o l'aloes
ND

Trinidad and Tobago:

aloes = aloe vera

Haiti:

lalwa

Colombia:

sábila
sabila

sábila
sábila

Puerto Rico:

sábila

Geographical distribution

Native to the Mediterranean, widely cultivated in the tropics and
subtropics.

Botanical description

Acaulescent or short-stemmed, stoloniferous plant. Lanceolate leaves of 30 to 60 cm, long-acuminate, spiny-dentate. Scape inflorescence up to 1.2 m with lanceolate or ovate, acute bracts; yellow flowers 2.5 cm long in dense clusters of 10 to 30 cm. Dehiscent capsules (fruit) with black seeds

Voucher(s)

Jiménez,1525,JBSD
Mejia,12,MAPR
Faujour,5,BAR
Delaigue,1,NHTT
Boulogne,TH3,UAG

baldness

crystal, scalp massage¹

asthma

crystal, liquid, decoction or infusion, orally^1-2

cuts, scratches

fresh pulp, local application^3-5
transparent gel, local application⁶

catarrh

crystal, liquid, decoction or infusion, orally^1-2

skin rash

crystal, in poultice^1,6

note: crystal, fresh pulp, clear gel, mesophyll and leaf (without
the green-coloured outer part), refers to the clear and gelatinous
content of the inner part of the leaf.

To obtain the gel, contact with the yellow juice produced by the green layer around it must be avoided, which can produce a hypersensitivity reaction in the skin or have a laxative effect via the oral route.

For asthma or catarrh: peel the leaf and prepare a smoothie with 1-2 tablespoons (1530 grams) of the crystal (gel, pulp or mesophyll) in 1 cup (250 millilitres) of water. Drink 1 cup 1 to twice a day. Or prepare a decoction or infusion with 1-2 tablespoons (15-30 grams) of the crystal (gel, pulp or mesophyll) in 1 cup (250 millilitres) of water. For decoctions, boil for 10 minutes in a covered vessel. For the infusion, add the boiling water to the 1-2 tablespoons (15-30 grams) of gel; cover. For both preparations, leave to cool, strain (filter) and drink 1 cup twice a day.

For baldness: cuts, scratches or spots on the skin: wash and peel the leaf, obtain 15-30 grams (1-2 tablespoons) of gel and apply to the skin of the affected area or scalp, twice a day.

Preparations must never be stored for more than 24 hours, even if refrigerated.

According to the information available:

The use for asthma is classified as REC based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, the toxicity studies, validation and the scientific information published.

Due to the health risk of asthma, an initial medical assessment is recommended. The use of this resource must be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless contraindicated. No information is available on use for asthma attacks.

If deterioration of the patient is observed or if the asthma persists for more than 2 days or the asthma attack for more than 1 hour, seek medical attention.

The use for catarrh is classified as REC based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and the toxicity studies.

If deterioration is observed in the patient or if the catarrh persists for more than 7 days, seek medical attention.

Not for use in high oral doses for prolonged periods of time. Take into account possible interactions with antidiabetic, diuretic and antiarrhythmic medication⁷. Avoid ingestion in cases of diabetes mellitus⁸.

The use for baldness, cuts, scratches and spots on the skin is classified as REC based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and the scientific information published.

If deterioration is observed in the patient or the skin condition persists for more than 5 days, seek medical attention.

All topical application must follow the strictest hygiene measures in order to prevent contamination or additional infection.

The gel can cause hypersensitivity reactions, and must not be used if it has turned a reddish colour.

Prolonged topical use may cause allergic reactions to develop including hives and eczema-like skin rashes, and may increase absorption of steroid creams such as hydrocortisone ⁷.

Not for use during pregnancy, breastfeeding or in children under 5 years.

TRAMIL Work¹⁸

The aqueous extract (50%) of the leaf mesophyll frozen for 72 hours in conditions of relative darkness protected from light with black polyethylene, liquidised, taken orally (15 ml/day) controlled with placebo for 90 days, in 50 grade I and II, did not produce manifestations of toxicity, intolerance or rejection.

The freeze-dried aqueous leaf extract did not produce mutagenic effects in three different models: point-mutation induction (suppressors) in the methG1 locus of Aspergillus nidulans (0.05 and 5 mg/ml), mitotic segregation in a heterozygous diploid of A. nidulans (0.04 and 1 mg/ml) and micronucleus induction in mouse bone marrow (0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg/day)⁷⁷.

The gel of Aloe vera did not cause cell damage or genotoxicity in the in vitro model of Aspergillus nidulans D30 (0.09-1 mg total solid/ml) or in the micronucleus induction test in mouse bone marrow (0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg)⁷⁸.

The aqueous extract (125 mg/ml) of the whole plant orally in pregnant rats was teratogenic⁷⁹, the leaf extract by the same route (100 mg/kg) was embryotoxic⁸⁰.

The fresh (1.0% of the diet during the whole life) or freeze-dried leaf (925 mg/kg) orally in rats did not provoke obvious signs of toxicity⁸¹.

The aqueous and ethanolic (95%) fresh leaf extracts orally (150 mg/kg) and the petroleum ether extract from fresh leaves orally (100 mg/kg) did not induce embryotoxicity or miscarriage in rats⁸².

The LD₅₀ of the ethanolic extract (43.70%) from dried leaves orally in Swiss albino mice (weight 18 to 22 g) according to the OECD-1987 method was 120.65 mg/kg⁸³.

The ethanolic extract (95%) from aerial parts (100 mg/kg) orally induced toxicity in mice. After 3 months of treatment, alopecia, degeneration and necrosis of the sexual organs, sperm alterations and decrease in erythrocytes occurred⁸⁴.

The gel (200 ml/day/4 weeks) given orally to 44 adult humans (double-blind, controlled trial) did not cause obvious signs of toxicity⁵³.

The juice and gel do not facilitate the topical penetration of other products^7,85.

No data are available to recommend their medicinal use during pregnancy, breastfeeding or in children.

The leaf is characterised by the following secondary metabolites and chemical substances, among others:

isocitric acid⁹

alkaloid: riboflavin⁹

carotenoid: β-carotene (3 ppm)⁹

carbohydrates: (896000 ppm) acemannan (mucopolysaccharide), aldopentose, aloe-polysaccharide, arabinose, D-galacturonic acid, D-fructose, galactan (100 ppm), D-galactose, glucogalactomannan, glucomannan, D-glucose (280-1030 ppm), mannose, mannan, mucilages, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, rhamnose, xylose⁹

chromone: neoaloesin A (6.6 ppm)⁹

8-c-glucosyl-7-o-methyl(s)-aloesol
8-[c-beta-d-[2-o-(trans)-cinnamoyl]-glucopyranosyl]-2-[(r)-2-hydroxypropyl]-7-methoxy-5-methyl chromone (13.1 ppm)⁹

aloeresin E⁹, aloesin^9,10, isoaloeresin D⁹

coumarin: feralolide (14.5 ppm)⁹

creatinine (1-15 ppm)⁹

fat (8000 ppm)⁹

fibre (177000 ppm)⁹

Inorganic compounds or substances: aluminium (22 ppm), calcium (190-4600 ppm), chloride (10-110 ppm), chromium, cobalt, iron (30-300 ppm), magnesium (930 ppm), manganese (0.6 ppm), phosphorus (6-940 ppm), potassium (100-850 ppm), selenium (2.3 ppm), sodium (40-510 ppm), zinc (11-770 ppm), tin (11 ppm), calcium oxalate⁹

phenylpropanoids: ρ-coumaric acid⁹

polycyclic compounds¹¹: anthranol⁹

proteins: globulin (0-2 ppm), albumin (1-5 ppm), alanine (15769 ppm),
amylase (0-20 ppm), glutamic acid (43256 ppm), glutamine (20607
ppm), glycine (5030 ppm), histidine (2327 ppm), cysteine isoleucine
(8526 ppm ), leucine (6952 ppm), lipase (0-16 ppm), lysine (7748 ppm),
phenylalanine (7103 ppm), proline (3339 ppm), protein (10000-57000
ppm), serine (23540 ppm), threonine (14652 ppm), valine (12769 ppm),
arginine (78216 ppm) asparagine, aspartic acid, purine (1-56 ppm),
tyrosine (5073 ppm), urea (10 ppm)⁹.

Quinoidal substances: emodin aloin a and b (31.8 ppm each), elgonica-
dimer a (7.2 ppm) elgonica-dimer b, aloechrysone, isobarbaloin9,
aloin9,12, aloe emodin (45.4 ppm) ^9,11-12

7-hydroxy-6'-O-p-coumaroyl aloin A and B9,13, barbaloin (42400 ppm)⁹

barbaloin-a9, chrysazin9,14, chrysophanic acid9,11, silicone (2.2 ppm)⁹

steroidal triterpenes: β-sitosterol^15-17, campesterol^9,15-16

cholesterol (40-120ppm)^9,15-16

triterpene^9,15: lupeol¹⁶

vitamins: folacin (vitamin B9, 0.027-0.2 ppm), folic acid (27-200 ppm),
niacin (64 ppm), ascorbic acid (6260 ppm), thiamine (0.8 ppm)⁹

TRAMIL Work^18-19

The aqueous extract (50%) of the mesophyll of a leaf frozen for 72 hours in conditions of relative darkness protected from light with black polyethylene, liquidised, taken orally (15 ml/day) controlled with placebo for 90 days, in 50 grade I and II asthmatic patients, decreased the consumption of antiasthmatic drugs and improved the functional status of the patients.

The aqueous freeze-dried leaf extract (10 and 50 mg/ml) in vitro was inactive against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans²⁰. The juice was active against C. albicans²¹.

The aqueous and ethanolic (95%) leaf extracts in vitro were inactive against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus²².

The leaf juice (concentration 1:50) in vitro, was active against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes and Corynebacterium xerosis^21,23.

The ethanolic extract (95%) from aerial parts (500 mg/kg) orally in mice showed analgesic activity²⁴.

The aqueous freeze-dried leaf extract (500 mg/kg) orally in mice, in hot-plate and acetic acid-induced contortion experimental models, showed significant analgesic effect²⁵.

The leaf orally (100 mg/kg/day) or topically (25% cream) in mice, decreased the diameter of experimental wounds by 62.5% and 50.8%, respectively²⁶.

The fresh leaf extract stimulated phagocytosis²⁷and the gel, orally, was active as an antiasthmatic agent in humans^27-28.

The juice^29-30 and the mesophyll of the fresh leaf in topical application (6.8 ml/day) stimulated hair growth and inhibited hair loss in humans, the latter activity has been patented³¹.

Leaf gel in first and second degree burns in mice delayed the inflammatory process and accelerated recovery time, but not in third degree burns³².

The aqueous leaf extract (10%) and fresh leaf juice applied to mice were active for the treatment of third degree burns³³.

The plant crystal (300 mg/kg) in topical application to mice showed anti-inflammatory activity, and subcutaneous administration (300 mg/kg) showed healing activity^34-35.

Leaf juice (1%), in topical36 and subcutaneous application (10 mg/kg) in a rat ear inflammation model, reduced inflammation by 67%³⁷.

The juice, topically in rats in the mustard-induced leg oedema model³⁸, and the pulp (100 mg/kg in drinking water) in the ear inflammation model³⁹, were anti-inflammatory.

The Aloe sp. gel without changing colour in topical application for 7 days in mice produced faster healing than the gel that had turned a red colour⁴⁰.

The freeze-dried leaf extract (1.67%) in topical application in mice⁴¹ and in Langerhans cell culture (100.0 μg/ml) was active as an immunostimulant⁴².

The gel (leaf juice) applied to guinea pig burns induced faster healing of the skin and decreased the bacterial count by 60% compared to the control^43-44.

The aqueous extract and leaf juice applied to wounds in mice⁴⁵, rats⁴⁶, rabbits⁴⁷, cats, dogs⁴⁸ and humans^49-50 were active as a healing agent.

Topical leaf gel in a mustard-induced oedema model in mice, reduced oedema by 44% to 70% and decreased polymorphonuclear infiltration in the skin by 58%^51-52.

The gel, topically⁵³ and orally⁵⁴ (100 ml/twice/day/4 weeks) in a double-blind trial with placebo in 44 people of both sexes with moderate ulcerative colitis, was anti-inflammatory.

60 patients with acute haemorrhoidal crisis and 52 patients with anal fissure, treated with rectal aloe leaf ointment reported a significantly more favourable outcome than with Proctocaína® (dibucaine hydrochloride, prednisone and allantoin) ointment, both applied locally 3 times daily after a lukewarm sitz bath^55-56.

The mesophyll of the leaf, applied to 27 patients with burns, showed a significant healing effect, compared to petroleum jelly⁵⁷.

Undiluted fresh leaf juice in topical application accelerated healing in humans with various types of burns, dermatitis, ulcers, wounds and abrasions^30,58-66.

The leaf juice⁶⁰ and aqueous extract⁶⁷ were emollient in adult humans with topical application.

The gel^54,68-70, the pulp^71-72 and the aqueous leaf extract⁷³ in topical application accelerated healing in humans^54,68-70.

The gel was active topically as sunblock, against acne, eczema or psoriasis 28 and for skin repigmentation⁷⁴.

The leaf gel extract, in a double-blind, controlled trial, applied topically 3 times/day/5 days/week to 30 people with psoriasis, showed significant activity compared to the placebo effect. No evidence of toxicity was recorded⁷⁵.

Topical leaf juice in adult humans was used as an anaesthetic to relieve insect bites⁷⁶.

Pharmacopoeia

Ed.3

References

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The effect of extracts of Aloe barbadensis leaves on the fertility of female rats. Indian Drugs 16:124-125.

81 YOKEL R, OGZEWALLA C, 1981
Effects of plants ingestion in rats determined by the conditioned taste aversion procedure. Toxicon 19(2):223-232.

82 PRAKASH A, MATHUR R, 1976
Screening of Indian plant for antifertility activity. Indian J Exp Biol 14:623-626.

83 PARRA AL, YHEBRA RS, SARDINAS IG, BUELA LI, 2001
Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 8(5):395-400.

84 SHAH AH, QURESHI S, TARIQU M, AGEEL AM, 1989
Toxicity studies on six plants used in the traditional Arab system of medicine. Phytother Res 3(1):25-29.

85 BALLAM L, HEARD CM, 2010
Pre-treatment with Aloe vera juice does not enhance the in vitro permeation of ketoprofen across skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 23(2):113-116.

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The information provided is for educational purposes only for the benefit of the general public and health professionals. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations. Since some parts of plants could be toxic, might induce side effects, or might have interactions with certain drugs, anyone intending to use them or their products must first consult with a physician or another qualified health care professional. TRAMIL has no responsibility whatsoever towards the user for any decision, action or omission made in relation to the information contained in this Pharmacopoeia.

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Aloe vera

Vernacular names

Barbados:

Trinidad and Tobago:

Guadeloupe:

Venezuela:

Puerto Rico:

Guadeloupe:

Barbados:

Dominica:

Trinidad and Tobago:

Haiti:

Colombia:

Puerto Rico:

Geographical distribution

Botanical description

Voucher(s)

Pharmacopoeia

References

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