Aloe vera

Scientific name: Aloe vera (L.) Burm.

Synonym: Aloe barbadensis Mill

Botanical family: XANTHORRHOEACEAE

Vernacular names

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Trinidad and Tobago:

aloe

Barbados:

aloe

Guadeloupe:

lalwé

Venezuela:

sábila

Puerto Rico:

sábila

Other vernacular names

Guadeloupe:

aloe
Aloès (lalwé)

Barbados:

Aloes

Dominica:

Aloes
Aloes o L'aloes
ND

Trinidad and Tobago:

Aloes = aloe vera

Haiti:

Lalwa

Colombia:

Sábila
sabila

Cuba:

Sábila

Puerto Rico:

Sábila

Dominican Republic:

Sábila

Botanical description

Acaulescent or short-stemmed stoloniferous plant. Leaves lanceolate, 30-60 cm in length, long-acuminate, spiny-serrate. Inflorescence on scape of up to 1.2 m long, with sharp lanceolate or ovate bracts; yellow flowers, 2.5 cm long, in dense 10-30 cm long racemes. Dehiscent capsules (fruit), with black seeds.

Voucher(s)

Jiménez,1525,JBSD
Mejía,12,MAPR
Faujour,5,BAR
Delaigue,1,NHTT
Boulogne,TH3,UAG

catarrh

“crystal”, liquefied, decoction or infusion, administered orally¹^,69

skin rash

“crystal”, in cataplasm¹

note: "crystal" is the term used in Puerto Rico to refer to the transparent, gelatinous gel found in the internal part of the leaf.

calvicie

"crystal", in cataplasm¹

asthma

“crystal”, liquefied, decoction or infusion, administered orally¹^,69

cuts, bounds

fresh pulp, applied locally^2,67,70

When cutting out the gelatinous part of the leaf, avoid contact with the yellow juice. This juice can cause reactions of skin hypersensitivity or, if swallowed, it can have laxative effects.

Use for asthma or colds:

Peal the leaf and blend 15-30 grams (1-2 spoonfuls) of the “crystal” (gel, pulp, mesophyll) with 250 mL (1 cup) of water. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

Prepare a decoction or infusion with 15-30 grams of gel in 250 mL (1 cup) of water. For decoction, boil for at least 10 minutes in covered pot. For infusion, add boiling water to 15-30 grams (1-2 spoonfuls) of gel, cover, and let cool. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

For baldness, cuts, bounds and skin rashes:

Wash and peal the leaf, cut 15-30 grams (1-2 spoonfuls) of gel and apply to affected area of skin or scalp, twice a day.

According to published and other information:

Use for asthma, colds, baldness, cuts, bounds and skin rashes is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented inthe TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation, and published scientific information.

Due to the health risks related to asthma, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this plant remedy should be considered complementary to medical treatment. There is no available information about its use for asthmatic crisis.

For topical application, strict hygiene measures should be observed in order to avoid contamination or additional infection.

Not for oral administration to pregnant or lactating women or to children under 5 years of age. The use of this resource should be avoided in cases of diabetes mellitus.

The gel can cause reactions of hypersensitivity. It should not be used if it has turned a reddish color.

TRAMIL Research²³
In a preliminary placebo-controlled (15 mL syrup per day) clinical study with 50 grade I and II asthma patients, the aqueous extract (50%) of liquefied leaf mesophyll (previously frozen for 72 hours in relative darkness, protected from light with black polyethelene), administered orally over a period of 90 days, did not produce any signs of toxicity, intolerance, or rejection.

A lyophilized aqueous extract of leaf did not produce mutagenic effects in any of the following three different models: induction of mutations (suppressors) in the Meth G1 locus of Aspergillus nidulans (0.05 and 5 mg/mL), mitotic division into a heterozygote diploid of A. nidulans (0.04-1 mg/mL), and induction of micronuclei into bone marrow of mice (0.5, 1, and 2 g/kg/day)⁵⁸. Aloe vera gel caused neither cellular damage nor genotoxicity in the in vitro model of Aspergillus nidulans D-30 (0.09-1 mg of total solid/mL), nor in the study of micronuclei induction into the bone marrow of mice⁵⁹. Oral administration of an ethanolic extract (95%) of dried aerial parts of the plant (100 mg/kg) induced general toxicity in mice. After 3 months of treatment, alopecia, degeneration and necrosis of sexual organs, spermatic alteration, and decrease in erythrocytes occurred⁶⁰. The ethanolic extract (50%) from the leaf, administered intraperitoneally to mice, revealed an LD₅₀ of 250 mg/kg and a maximum tolerated dose of 100 mg/kg⁶¹. The hidroalcoholic extract (1:1) from the leaf administered intraperitoneally to mice revealed an LD₅₀ greater than 1 g/kg⁶². The ethanolic extract (3:1) from the dry leaf, administered orally to Swiss albino mice (18 a 22 g) showed a LD₅₀ = 120.65mg/kg, by OECD-1987method⁶⁸. Oral administration of the fresh leaf in rats (925 mg/kg) produced no apparent signs of toxicity⁶³. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts (95%) from the fresh leaf, administered orally (150 mg/kg), and the extract from the fresh leaf in petroleum ether, administered orally (100 mg/kg), did not induce embriotoxicity or miscarriage in rats⁶⁴. The aqueous extract of whole plant, administered orally (125 mg/mL) in pregnant rats, was teratogenic⁶⁵. One case of a patient with hypersensitive reactions to both topical and oral administration of the leaf gel was reported⁶⁶. There is no available information documenting the safety of use in children or in pregnant or lactating women.

The gel has been widely studied. It contains, among other components: lipids (lauric acid, methyl laurate, linoleic acid, ethyl linoleate, myristic acid, methyl myristate, octadeca-7-enoic acid), methyl octadeca-10,13-dienoate, methyl octadeca-6,9-dienoate,methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate, ethyl oleate, methyl oleate, 8-methyl oleic acid, palmitic acid, ethyl palmitate, methyl palmitate, palmitoleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, methyl 13-methylpentadecanoate, margaric acid, methyl margarate, stearic acid, ethyl stearate, methyl tricosanoate and methyl 12-methyltridecanoate); benzenoids (dibutyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, monooctyl phthalate, 1,1-bis-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-2-methyl propane); alkanes (n-octadecane, n-nonadecane, 4,4-dimethyl-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl) pentanoilethanolic acid); alquenes (nonadeco-1-ene, trans-nonadeco-5-ene, octadeco-1-ene); polycyclic compound (9-propanoil-methoxy-methyl phenantrene); monoterpene (p-3,3’-bis-mentano³); polysaccharides ( glucomannan^3-4, acetylglucomannan⁵, galactogalacturane^6-7; glucogalactomannan⁸, galactoglucoarabinomannan⁹, acetylmannan^10-11; and minerals (aluminum, barium, boron, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, phosphorus, silicon, strontium)¹².

The leaf contains the following components: quinones (aloe-emodin^13-14, aloin¹⁵, 7-hydroxy-6-O-p-coumaroyl aloin A, 7-hydroxy-6-O-coumaroyl aloin B¹⁶, crysazine¹⁷, and chrysophanic acid¹³); chromone (aloesin¹⁴); polycyclic compound (anthranol¹³);steroids (campesterol^18-19, cholesterol^19-20, b-sitosterol^18-20); triterpene (lupeol^18-19).

The juice of the leaf contains the following quinones: barbaloin^18,21, b-barbaloin²¹, chrysophanic acid¹⁸, aloe-emodin^18,21; polycyclic compound: anthranol18</sup>;phenylpropanoids: p-coumaric acid¹⁸; quinolizidine alkaloid: cystine¹⁸.

The pulp of the leaf contains carbohydrates (oligosacharides⁷, galactan⁴, glucomannan²².

TRAMIL Research^23-2⁴

In a preliminary placebo-controlled (15 mL syrup per day) clinical study with 50 grade I and grade II asthmatic patients, the aqueous extract (50%) of the liquefied leaf mesophyll (previously frozen for 72 hours and kept in relative darkness, protected from light with black polyethylene), administered orally over a 90-day period, improved patients’ functionality and decreased the amount of anti-asthmatic medications taken.

The gel of Aloe sp. showed activity against the freezing of tissues, which was attributed to a reduction in the levels of thromboxane²⁵.

The lyophilized aqueous extract of leaf (10 and 50 mg/mL) in vitro was inactive against

Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginos, andCandida albicans²⁶.

The aqueous and ethanolic (95%) extracts fromleaf were inactivein vitro as antibacterial agents against Escherichia coli andStaphylococcus aureus²⁷.

The tincture (10 g of plant in 100 mL ethanol) of dried leaf (30 mL/disc) was inactive as an antibacterial agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, andStaphylococcus aureus²⁸.

The gel of the leaf applied to burns on rats slowed the inflammatory process and accelerated the recuperation period for first- and second-degree burns, but not for third-degree burns²⁹. In another study, the aqueous extract (10%) from the leaf and the juice of the fresh leaf applied to rats were active for the treatment of third-degree burns³⁰.

The leaf, administered orally (100mg/kg/day) or topically (cream 25%) to rats, decreased the diameter of experimental wounds by 62.5% and 50.8%, respectively³¹.

The plant “crystal,” applied topically to rats (300 mg/kg), showed anti-inflammatory activity, and the subcutaneous administration (300 mg/kg) showed healing activity³³.

The gel of Aloe sp. preserving its original color, applied topically for 7 days to rats, produced faster healing compared to gel that had become reddish³³.

An ethanolic extract (95%) of the aerial parts of the plant, administered orally to rats (500mg/kg), showed analgesic and antipyretic activity³⁴.

The freeze-dried aqueous extract of leaf, administered orally (500 mg/kg) using the hot plate technique and the experimental model of acetic acid-induced contortions, showed significant analgesic effects³⁵.

The lyophilized leaf extract (1.67%), applied topically to mice, showed immunostimulant activity³⁶.

The juice of the fresh leaf administered orally to rabbits (2 mL/kg) showed hypoglycemic effect (27% reduction)³⁷.

The leaf juice (1%), applied topically³⁸ and subcutaneously (10 mg/kg) to the inflamed ears of rats, reduced inflammation by 67%³⁹.

In the model of mustard-induced edema in mice, the gel of the leaf reduced edema by 44%-70%, and decreased the infiltration of polymorphonuclears into skin blisters by 58%^40-41.

The gel (leaf juice) applied to burns on guinea pigs induced more rapid healing of the skin and decreased the bacterial count by 60%, compared to the control group^42-43.

A decoction of the leaf, administered intravenously to guinea pigs (1.5 mL/animal), was inactive as a bronchodilator⁴⁴.

The aqueous extract and the juice of the leaf, applied to the wounds of mice⁴⁵, rats⁴⁶, rabbits⁴⁷, cats, dogs⁴⁸, and humans^49-50 all showed cicatrizing activity.

The extract of fresh leaf administered orally to humans showed anti-asthmatic activity and stimulated phagocytosis⁵¹.

Topical application of the fresh leaf mesophyll to humans (6.8 mL/day) stimulated hair growth and inhibited hair loss. The latter activity has been patented⁵².

A group of 60 patients with severe hemorrhoidal crisis and 52 patients with anal fissures were treated in proctologydepartment with rectal ointment made from aloe leaf, and a significantly more favorable evolution was reported as compared to the ointment Proctocain^®(dibucaine chlorhydrate, prednisone, and allantoin). Both ointments were applied locally 3 times a day after a warm sit bath⁵³.

In a study of 27 patients with burns, the mesophyll of the leaf had a significant healing effect, compared with Vaseline⁵⁴.

Topical application of undiluted juice of the fresh leaf was active in humans with burns and abrasions⁵⁵.

In a double-blind controlled study, the extract of the leaf gel applied topically 3 times a day for 5 days to 30 patients with psoriasis showed significant activity, compared to the placebo effect on 30 people. Furthermore, no evidence of toxicity was recorded⁵⁶.

The methanolic extract from the dried leaf, applied topically, showed antiviral activity against Herpes simplex 1 and H. Simplex 2 in humans. These biological activities were patented⁵⁷.

Pharmacopoeia

Ed.2

References

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29 CACERES A, GIRON L, ALVARADO SR, TORRES MF, 1987
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31 ROWE TD, LOVELL BK, PARKS LM, 1941
Further observations on the use of Aloe vera leaf in the treatment of third degree X-ray reactions. J Am Pharm Assoc Sci Ed30:266-269.

32 DAVIS RH, LEITNER MG, RUSSO JM, BYRNE ME, 1989
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34 DAVIS RH, AGNEW PS, SHAPIRO E, 1986
Antiarthritic activity of anthraquinones found in Aloe for podiatric medicine. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc76:61-66.

35 MOHSIN A, SHAH AH, AL-YAHYA MA, TARIQ M, TANIRA MO, AGEEL AM, 1989
Analgesic antipyretic activity and phytochemical screening of some plants used in traditional Arab system of medicine. Fitoterapia 60(2):174-177.

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37 STRICKLAND FM, PELLEY RP, KRIPKE ML, 1994
Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact and delayed hypersensitivity by Aloe barbadensis gel extracts. J Invest Dermatol102(2):197-204.

38 ROMAN-RAMOS R, FLORES-SAENZ JL, PARTIDA-HERNANDEZ G, LARA-LEMUS A, ALARCON-AGUILAR F, 1991
Experimental study of hypoglycemic activity of some antidiabetic plants. Arch Invest Med22(1):87-93.

39 DAVIS RH, LEITNER MG, RUSSO JM, 1987
Topical anti-inflammatory activity of Aloe vera as measured by ear swelling. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 77(11):610-612.

40 DAVIS RH, LEITNER MG, RUSSO JM, 1988
Aloe vera. A natural approach for treating wounds, edema and pain in diabetes. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc78(2):60-68.

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43 RODRIGUEZ-BIGAS M, CRUZ NI, SUÁREZ A, 1988
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44 KIVETT WF, 1989
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47 LUSHBAUGH CC, HALE DB, 1953
Experimental acute radiodermatitis following beta irradiation. V. Histopathological study of the mode of action of therapy with Aloe vera. Cancer 6:690-698.

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Experimental thermal burns. Induct Med Surg 28:364.

49 NORTHWAY RB, 1975
Experimental use of Aloe vera extract in clinical practice. Vet Med Small Animal Clinic70:80.

50 COBBLE HH, 1975
Stabilized Aloe vera gel. Patent - USA: 3,892,853.

51 FULTON JE, 1990
The stimulation of postdermabrasion wound healing with stabilized Aloe vera gel-polyethylene oxide dressing. J Dermatol Surg Oncol16(5):460-467.

52 YAGI A, SHIDA T, NISHIMURA H, 1987
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Disclaimer

The information provided is for educational purposes only for the benefit of the general public and health professionals. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations. Since some parts of plants could be toxic, might induce side effects, or might have interactions with certain drugs, anyone intending to use them or their products must first consult with a physician or another qualified health care professional. TRAMIL has no responsibility whatsoever towards the user for any decision, action or omission made in relation to the information contained in this Pharmacopoeia.

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Aloe vera

Vernacular names

Trinidad and Tobago:

Barbados:

Guadeloupe:

Venezuela:

Puerto Rico:

Guadeloupe:

Barbados:

Dominica:

Trinidad and Tobago:

Haiti:

Colombia:

Cuba:

Puerto Rico:

Dominican Republic:

Botanical description

Voucher(s)

Pharmacopoeia

References

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