Coffea arabica

Scientific name: Coffea arabica L.

Botanical family: RUBIACEAE

Vernacular names

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Dominican Republic:

café

Haiti:

kafé

Other vernacular names

Dominican Republic:

Café

Cuba:

café

Honduras:

Café

Panama:

Café

Haiti:

Kafe
Kafé/café
Kate anmè

Geographical distribution

Native to Africa, cultivated in tropical regions.

Botanical description

Shrub up to 7 m high, thin trunk, straight. Short-petiolate leaves, elliptic to oblong, shiny, subcoriaceous, from 7 to 15 cm. Flowers in axillary groups, fragrant, usually sessile; truncated calyx; white petals. Oblong to globose berry, 10 to 16 mm, red when ripe.

Voucher(s)

Jiménez,122,JBSD
Volcius,165,SOE

after anger

roasted seed, decoction with salt, orally¹

hepatitis

roasted seed, decoction, orally²

dizziness

roasted seed, decoction, orally²

lung disease

seed, decoction, orally²

bad blood” (enmity; vindictiveness)

leaf, decoction with salt, orally¹

intestinal parasites

ripe leaf, decoction, orally²

after anger

leaf, decoction with salt, orally¹

bad blood” (enmity; vindictiveness)

leaf, decoction, orally³

asthma

leaf, decoction, orally¹

bad blood” (enmity; vindictiveness)

roasted seed, decoction with salt, orally¹

The roasted and ground seeds of Coffea arabica are a food of relatively widespread human consumption.

For asthma:
prepare a decoction with 15-20 grams (2 small buds) of fresh leaves in 2 cups (2 litre) of water, boil for 5 minutes in a covered vessel. Leave to cool, strain (filter) and drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

To obtain the beneficial effect in lung disease and even to obtain a bronchodilator effect, the ingestion of 1 cup and a half of the traditional preparation of coffee with the roasted and ground seeds is enough³¹.

For lung disease, hepatitis, poor blood quality, vertigo or
after rage:
A dose of 8-10 grams of ground roasted coffee for 3 cups (750 millilitres) of water added by percolation, allows to obtain 3 cups of coffee, whose caffeine content is approximately 85 milligrams for each cup. Drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

For intestinal parasites:
prepare a decoction with 15-20 grams of mature leaves in 2 cups (1⁄2 litre) of water, boil for 5 minutes in a covered vessel. Leave to cool, strain (filter) and drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

Preparations must never be stored for more than 24 hours, even if refrigerated.

According to the information available:

The use for asthma is classified as REC based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, the toxicity and validation studies, and the scientific information published.

Due to the health risk of asthma and lung disease, an initial medical assessment is recommended. The use of this resource must be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless contraindicated. If deterioration of the patient is observed or if the symptoms persist for more than 2 days or the asthma attack for more than 1 hour, seek medical attention.

The use for after rage (leaves), poor blood quality (leaves) and intestinal parasites is classified as REC based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and the toxicity studies.

If deterioration is observed in the patient or the symptoms persist for more than 2 days after the rage, or the poor blood quality for more than 7 days, seek medical attention.

The use for after rage (toasted seeds), hepatitis, poor blood quality (seeds), lung disease and vertigo is classified as REC based on the significant traditional use documented TRAMIL surveys and the scientific information published.

If deterioration is observed in the patient, the jaundice, lung disease or vertigo persists for more than 5 days, seek medical attention.

For possible interactions, avoid taking oral antidiabetics, insulin, MAOIs, antipsychotics, antiepileptics and CNS-stimulating drugs⁴.

Avoid ingestion in cases of gastritis, peptic ulcer and hyperthyroidism.

Not for use during pregnancy, breastfeeding or in children under 5 years.

TRAMIL Work⁴⁷
The freeze-dried aqueous extract (decoction) from fresh leaves (5 g/kg/5 days) orally in NGP mice (10 males, 10 females) observed for 12 days, did not cause death or evident signs of toxicity.

The aqueous seed extract (decoction) (2.5 μg/ml) showed antimutagenic activity against t-butyl peroxide-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA10248 and (3 μg/ml) in S. typhimurium TA1535⁴⁹ .

The freeze-dried seed extract (6.8 mg/ml) showed antimutagenic activity against mutagenesis induced by 2- aflatoxin, MNNQ, ultraviolet light or by 4NQO in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535⁵⁰; at 15 mg/plate it was mutagenic and the addition of catalase decreased the activity in Salmonella typhimurium TA100⁵¹.

The aqueous seed extract at 6% of the food rations in male and female rats did not show evident signs of toxicity, nor did it cause carcinogenic effects^52-55.

The aqueous extract of the roasted dried seed in drinking water in several doses for 30 days, did not modify fertility in male rats, fertility or ovulation in females, nor did it show embryotoxic effect in pregnant rats⁵³.

The aqueous extract of roasted dried seeds in drinking water (1.28 mg/animal) showed no embryotoxic effect in pregnant rats⁵⁶.

The decoction of dried seeds, orally, in pregnant albino mice (15-16 days of gestation), 90 minutes before the application of cyclophosphamide, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitroso-N- ethylurea and mitomycin C, inhibited induced genotoxicity⁵⁴.

The dried seeds in the diet of virgin female SHN/MEI mice, a strain with a high incidence of mammary tumours, inhibited carcinogenesis⁵⁷.

The aqueous extract in the drinking water (6000 ppm) in rats was found to be hepatocarcinogenic⁵⁸.

The aqueous seed extract (decoction, 1.40 dl/day/10 years) orally in a cohort study of 15740 people aged 30-59 years, showed no obvious signs of toxicity⁵⁹.

The aqueous seed extract, with or without caffeine, orally in a cohort study with 85,747 women, did not support the correlation between consumption of the drink and coronary disease⁶⁰.

A retrospective study showed that the risk of colon cancer is reduced in those who drink 4 or more cups per day of aqueous seed extract, but it did not show any modification in the risk of rectal cancer⁶¹. No relationship between colorectal adenomas and human consumption of this drink has been demonstrated⁶².

A case-control study (818 patients) showed that the association between daily consumption of coffee (total methylxanthines) and breast or pancreatic cancer was not significant⁶³.

The decoction from dried seeds (0.96 l/day) orally in women may contribute to infertility⁶⁴.

The aqueous extract and dried seed powder applied to adult human skin caused dermatitis⁶⁵.

The external application of dried seeds (5%) in cream produced depigmentation of the skin. Skin-lightening cosmetics contain seed extracts that have chlorogenic acid as a melanin formation inhibitor⁶⁶.

There is no information available documenting the safety of medicinal use in children, during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

The seed has been widely studied and contains, among other alkane components: acetaldehyde⁵ , acetol⁶; alkaloids:
dimethylamine and derivatives, N-propylamine, ethylamine⁷, caffeine⁸
; benzenoids: arbutin, benzaldehyde, hydroxyquinone⁹, 3’,4’-dihydroxy-acetophenone¹⁰, benzoic acid and derivatives; diterpenes: atractyligenin and derivatives¹¹, cafestol¹²; steroids: 5-dehydroavenasterol, campesterol, fucosterol¹³; phenylpropanoids: coumaric, ferulic¹⁴, caffeic¹⁵, chlorogenic¹⁶,
isochlorogenic A, B and C acids¹⁷; lipids: arachidonic acid¹⁸; proteins: trigonelline (2.9%)19, glycine²⁰.

In the roasted seed are substances such as organic acids: acetic, crotonic²¹ and citric acids²²; alkanes: acetone, 2- butanone; alicyclic cyclopentanone and derivatives, 2,3 dimethyl acrylic acid and derivatives, 2-methyl-2-buten-1-al; alkaloids: pyrazine and derivatives, caffeine, theophylline; benzenoids:
guaiacol and derivatives, ortho-cresol²¹, benzoic acid and derivatives, 3,4 dihydroxy-benzaldehyde²³; sulfur compounds: carbon disulfide, ethanethiol; oxygenated heterocycles: 4-(2'- furyl)-3-butene-2-one, furan and derivatives, furfural and derivatives; lactones 2,3 dimethyl-2-buten-1-al, γ-butyrolactone;
lipids: linoleic acid²¹.

The leaf contains alkaloids: allantoic acid, allantoin²⁴, caffeine, theophylline²⁵; terpenes: cafestol²⁶, ursolic acid²⁷; proteins: histidine²⁴, hydroxyproline, pipecolic acid²⁸; flavonoids: quercetin-3-O-glucoside²⁹.

The young leaf, root and seed contain p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids; phenolic derivatives: scopoletin and purine alkaloids³⁰.

According to the concentration of the alkaloid in coffee beans and the roasting method, it is indicated that 1 cup of coffee contains 65-175 mg of caffeine³¹.

Proximate analysis of 100 g of leaves³²: calories: 306; water: 6.4%; protein: 9.3%; fat: 5.5%; carbohydrates: 66.6%; fibre: 17.5%; ash: 12.2%; calcium: 1910 mg; phosphorus: 170 mg; iron: 96.6 mg; carotene: 2360 μg; thiamine: 0 mg; riboflavin: 0.21 mg; niacin: 5.20 mg.

Proximate analysis of 100 g of the seed32: calories: 203; water: 6.3%; protein: 11.7%; fat: 10.8%; carbohydrates: 68.2%; fibre: 22.9%; ash: 3%; calcium: 120 mg; phosphorus: 178 mg; iron: 2.9 mg; carotene: 20 μg; thiamine: 0.22 mg; riboflavin: 0.06 mg; niacin: 1.30 mg.

TRAMIL Work³³
The aqueous extract (concentrate + evaporated) from dried leaves (10, 20 and 80 mg/kg) orally in anaesthetised rabbits, decreased the breathing rate, the doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg increased the cardiac minute volume. Tracheal airflow and respiratory volume decreased with 20 mg/kg and increased with
80 mg/kg; these variations were not significant.

TRAMIL Work³⁴
The aqueous extract (decoction) from fresh leaves (7.31, 14.28 and 27.27 mg/ml), an isolated guinea pig trachea model, caused dose-dependent relaxation of the trachea. The contracting agent used was potassium chloride 80 millimoles.

TRAMIL Work³⁵
The aqueous extract from dried leaves (20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg) orally, 48 hours after gastric ulcer induction using the rat pylorus ligation method, increased the number of ulcers, especially at the doses of 20 and 160 mg/kg; evaluated 18 hours after treatment.

The decoction of the toasted seeds showed activity in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus (3-17 mg/ml) and Escherichia coli (23-57 mg/ml) on agar plate³⁶.

The dry seeds (0.1 ml/plate) showed weak antibacterial activity in vitro against Aeromonas sobria, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Vibrio cholerae (strains O1, 569B and non O1), V. fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus and Plesiomonas shigelloides and did not showed any effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhi, S. typhimurium,
Shigella dysenteriae, S. flexneri, Vibrio mimicus and Yersinia
enterocolitica³⁷.

The aqueous seed extract taken orally stimulated working capacity in human adults³⁸.

Caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are methylxanthines present in the aerial parts that share pharmacological actions.
Its smooth muscle relaxing effect is widely documented, especially with bronchodilator activity; central nervous system and cardiac muscle stimulant and increased diuresis³¹.

The pharmacological properties of caffeine, which it shares with theophylline and theobromine, although the latter is less potent, can be summarised as:

Smooth muscle
Methylxanthines relax various smooth muscle fibres: bronchial, intestinal and urethral. Theophylline is the most powerful, followed by caffeine³¹.

Central Nervous System
Caffeine (85-250 mg) is a stimulant; it increases the capacity for sustained intellectual activity and shortens reaction time; very high doses affect fine muscle coordination and accuracy or arithmetic ability. It stimulates the spinal centres related to respiration and emesis. High doses can produce nausea and
vomiting, manifestations of nervous excitement ranging from nervousness and insomnia to seizures. Continued use can produce tolerance and physical dependence and modification in sleep patterns^39-40.

Cardiovascular system
Caffeine (250-350 mg) can cause a subtle increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with a slight reduction in heart rate in individuals who do not use methylxanthines, but has no effect on subjects who regularly consume caffeine.

Theophylline produces a slight decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac stimulation and increases the perfusion of most organs. High doses of caffeine or theophylline produce tachycardia and can cause arrhythmias. The effects of caffeine are produced in a complex way by direct action on the
myocardium (increased force of contraction, heart rate and blood flow) which results in increased cardiac work and dilation of coronary and blood vessels³¹.

Striated muscle
Caffeine stimulates the capacity for muscle work. Caffeine ingestion (6 mg/kg) improves the performance of cross-country runners, especially at high altitudes. Caffeine and theophylline increase diaphragmatic contractility and reduce diaphragmatic muscle fatigue in normal subjects and those with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease³¹.

Metabolic functions
It increases human basal metabolism by 10%⁴¹ and the content of fatty acids in the blood⁴², but its overall activity on cholesterol is uncertain⁴³.

Digestive system
Caffeine (250-500 mg) significantly stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in humans, probably by inhibiting phosphodiesterase in mucosal cells^44-46.

Diuresis
Methylxanthines, especially theophylline, have a diuretic effect and the pattern of increased excretion of volume and electrolytes is similar to that of thiazides³¹.

Pharmacopoeia

Ed.3

References

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Disclaimer

The information provided is for educational purposes only for the benefit of the general public and health professionals. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations. Since some parts of plants could be toxic, might induce side effects, or might have interactions with certain drugs, anyone intending to use them or their products must first consult with a physician or another qualified health care professional. TRAMIL has no responsibility whatsoever towards the user for any decision, action or omission made in relation to the information contained in this Pharmacopoeia.

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Coffea arabica

Vernacular names

Dominican Republic:

Haiti:

Dominican Republic:

Cuba:

Honduras:

Panama:

Haiti:

Geographical distribution

Botanical description

Voucher(s)

Pharmacopoeia

References

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