Coffea arabica

Scientific name: Coffea arabica L.

Botanical family: RUBIACEAE

Vernacular names

(In territories with significant traditional TRAMIL use)

Dominican Republic:

café

Haiti:

kafé

Other vernacular names

Cuba:

café

Honduras:

Café

Panama:

Café

Dominican Republic:

Café

Haiti:

Kafe
Kafé/café
Kate anmè

Botanical description

Shrub, up to 7 m tall with stem branching; leaves opposite, petiole ca. 1 cm long, leaf blade dark green, shiny, obovate, oblanceolate or broadly elliptical, 10-40cm x 5-15 cm; inflorescence in axillary clusters, flowers white, fragrant, generally sessile; fruit a berry, oblong to globose 12-25 mm long, red when ripe.

Voucher(s)

Jiménez,122,JBSD

Volcius,165,SOE

dizziness

roasted seed, decoction, orally²

pneumopathy

seed, decoction, orally²

bad blood” (enmity; vindictiveness)

leaf, decoction with salt, orally¹

intestinal parasites

ripe leaf, decoction, orally²

after anger

leaf, decoction with salt, orally¹

bad blood” (enmity; vindictiveness)

leaf, decoction, orally³

asthma

leaf, decoction, orally¹

bad blood” (enmity; vindictiveness)

roasted seed, decoction with salt, orally¹

after anger

roasted seed, decoction with salt, orally¹

hepatitis

roasted seed, decoction, orally²

The roasted and ground seeds of Coffea arabica are widely used for human consumption.

For asthma:

Prepare a decoction with 15-20 grams (2 hearts) of fresh leaf 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes in covered pot. Leave to cool down, filter and drink 1 cup 3 times a day.

For pneumonia:

Prepare a decoction with 16 grams of roasted and ground seeds in 1.5 liter (6 cups) of water, boil for at least 10 minutes. Filter, leave to cool down and drink one and a half cup 3 times a day.

To obtain beneficial effects on pneumonia and even bronchodilator effects, take one and a half cup of the traditional coffee preparation made with roasted and ground seed³¹.

For after anger, hepatitis, poor blood quality, intestinal parasites and vertigo:

There is no available information establishing a means of preparation and dosage other than that referred to by traditional use.

According to available information:

Use for asthma and pneumonia, asthenia and weakness is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys, toxicity studies, scientific validation, and available published scientific information.

Due to the health risks involved with asthma and pneumonia, an initial medical evaluation is recommended. The use of this resource can be considered complementary to medical treatment, unless it is contraindicated.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should symptoms last more than 2 days, seek medical attention.

Use for hepatitis, intestinal worms and vertigo is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies.

Should there be a notable worsening of the patient’s condition, or should jaundice or vertigo last more than 5 days, seek medical attention.

Use for after anger and poor blood quality is classified as REC, based on the significant traditional use (OMS/WHO)⁴ documented in the TRAMIL surveys and toxicity studies.

Not for use during pregnancy, during lactation or by children under 5 years old.

Not for use if gastritis, peptic ulcer and hyperthyroidism are present.

TRAMIL Research⁴⁷

The lyophilized aqueous extract (decoction) from the fresh leaf, administered orally (5 g/kg) for 5 consecutive days to NGP mice (10 males, 10 females) caused neither mortality nor evident toxicity signs. The animals were observed for 12 days.

The aqueous extract (decoction) from the seed (2.5 mg/mL) showed antimutagenic activity against t-butyl-peroxide-induced mutagenesis on Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA102⁴⁸, and at 3 mg/mL concentration, on Salmonella typhimurium TA1535⁴⁹.

The lyophilized extract from the seed (6.8 mg/mL) showed antimutagenic activity against 2-aflatoxin, MNNQ, ultraviolet light or 4-NQO –induced mutagenesis, on Salmonella typhimurium TA1535⁵⁰. A concentration of 15 mg/plate was mutagenic and the addition of catalase decreased the activity on Salmonella typhimurium TA100⁵¹.

The aqueous extract from the seed at 6% of the feed ration of male and female rats caused neither evident signs of toxicity nor carcinogenic effects^52-55.

The aqueous extract from the roasted dried seed in drinking water administered in various doses for 30 days did not modify fertility in male rats or fertility or ovulation in female rats, and had no embryotoxic effects in pregnant rats⁵³.

The decoction of the dried seed administered orally inhibited genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitroso-N-ethylurea and mitomycin C, when administered for 90 minutes before the application of mutagens, in pregnant albino rats (15-16 days of gestation)⁵⁴.

The dried seed in the diet of virgin female mice, SHN/MEI, a strain of high incidence in breast cancer, inhibited carcinogenesis⁵⁶.

The aqueous extract in drinking water (6000 ppm) proved to be hepatocarcinogenic in rat⁵⁷.

The aqueous extract from coffee seed, with or without caffeine, administered orally in a cohort study of 85.747 women, did not sustain the correlation between beverage intake and coronary disease⁵⁸.

A retrospective study reported a reduced risk of colon cancer in those drinking 4 or more cups of the aqueous extract of seed per day. However, it did not report any variations in the risk of rectal cancer⁵⁹. There was no evidence of a relationship between colorectal adenomas and the consumption of this beverage in humans⁶⁰.

A case-control study (818 patients) found that the relationship between daily consumption of coffee (total methylxanthines) and breast or pancreas cancer was not significant⁶¹.

The decoction of the dried seed (0.96 L/day) administered orally to women has been described as contributing to infertility⁶².

The aqueous extract and the powder of the dried seed applied on human adult skin caused dermatitis⁶³.

The external application of the dried seed (5%) in the form of cream caused skin de-pigmentation. Skin-lightening cosmetics contain seed extracts with chlorogenic acid, as inhibitor of melanin formation⁶⁴.

There is no available information documenting the safety of medicinal use in children or in women during pregnancy or while breast feeding.

The seed before roasting has been extensively studied and contains, among other components, aldehydes: acetaldehyde⁵, acetal⁶; amines: dimethylamine and derivatives, N-propylamine, ethylamine⁷; amino acid: glycine²⁰; alkaloids and nitrogen heterocyclics: trigonelline (2.9%)¹⁹, caffeine⁸; benzenoids: arbutin, benzaldehyde, hydroxyquinone⁹, 3’,4’-dihydroxy-acetophenone¹⁰, benzoic acid and derivatives; diterpenes: atractyligenin and derivatives¹¹, cafestol¹²; steroids: 5-dehydro-avenasterol, campesterol, fucosterol¹³; phenylpropanoids: coumaric acid, ferulic acid¹⁴, caffeic acid¹⁵, chlorogenic acid¹⁶, A, B and C isochlorogenic acid¹⁷; lipids: arachidonic acid¹⁸.

The roasted seed contains the following substances: organic acids: acetic acid, crotonic acid²¹, citric acid²², 2,3 dimethyl acrylic acid and derivatives, 2-methyl-2-buten-1-al acid; aldehydes: 2,3 dimethyl-2-buten-1-al: ketones: acetone, 2-butanone; alicyclics: cyclopentanone and derivatives,; alkaloids and nitrogen heterocylics: pyrazine and derivatives, caffeine, theophylline; benzenoids: guaiacol and derivatives, ortho-cresol²¹, benzoic acid and derivatives, 3,4 dihydroxy-benzaldehyde²³; sulfur compounds: carbon disulfide , ethanethiol; oxygenated heterocycles: 4-(2’-furyl)-3-buten-2-one, furan and derivatives, furfural and derivatives; lactones: ɣ-butyrolactone; lipids: linoleic acid²¹.

The leaf contains alkaloids and nitrogen heterocyclics: allantoic acid, allantoin²⁴, caffeine, theophylline²⁵; terpenes: cafestol²⁶, ursolic acid²⁷; amino acids: histidine²⁴, hydroxyproline, pipecolic acid²⁸; flavonoids: quercetin-3-O-glucoside²⁹.

The leaf, the root and the seed of the young plant contain: acids: p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids; phenolics and derivatives, scopoletin and purinic alkaloids³⁰.

Depending on the concentration of the alkaloid in the coffee bean, the degree of roasting and the method of preparation, it is noted that 1 cup of coffee has 65-175 mg of caffeine³¹.

Proximate analysis of 100 g of leaf³²: calories: 306; water: 6.4%; protein: 9.3%; fat: 5.5%; carbohydrate: 66.6; fiber: 17.5%; ash: 12.2%; calcium: 1910 mg; phosphorus: 170 mg; iron: 96.6 mg; carotene: 2360 µg; thiamine: 0 mg; riboflavin: 0.21 mg; niacin: 5.20 mg.

Proximate analysis of 100 g of seed³²: calories: 203; water: 6.3%; protein: 11.7%; fat: 10.8%; carbohydrate: 68.2%; fiber:22.9%; ash: 3%; calcium: 120 mg; phosphorus: 178 mg; iron: 2.9 mg; carotene: 20 µg; thiamine: 0.22 mg; riboflavin: 0.06 mg; niacin: 1.30 mg.

Research TRAMIL³³

The aqueous extract from the dried leaf administered orally (10, 20 and 80 mg/kg) to anesthetized rabbits diminished respiration rate, while doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg increased minute volume. The tracheal flow of air and the respiratory volume decreased with 20 mg/kg and increased with 80 mg/kg; these fluctuations were not significant.

Research TRAMIL³⁴

The aqueous extract (decoction) from the fresh leaf (7.31, 14.28 y 27.27 mg/mL) in the isolated guinea pig trachea model induced dose-dependent relaxation of the trachea. The contraction agent used was potassium chloride, 80 millimoles/mL.

Research TRAMIL³⁵

The aqueous extract from the dried leaf administered orally (20, 40, 80 y 160 mg/kg) 48 hours after induction of gastric ulcer by the pylorus ligation method in rat increased the number of ulcers, particularly at 20 and 160 mg/kg doses; evaluated 18 hours after treatment.

The ethanolic extract (95%) from the dried seed (1 mg/disk) showed in vitro activity against Bacillus subtilis¹⁰.

The decoction of the roasted seed showed antimicrobial activity in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus (3-17 mg/mL) and Escherichia coli (23-57 mg/mL) on agar plate³⁶.

The dried seed (0.1 mL/plate) showed weak antibacterial activity in vitro against Enterobacter cloacae, Aeromonas sobria, Staphylococcus aureus, S.epidermidis, Vibrio cholerae (strains 0-1, 569B but not 0-1), V.fluvialis, V.parahemolyticus and Pleisomonas shigelloides but not against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, S.typhi, S.typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, S.flexneri, Vibrio mimicus andYersinia enterolítica³⁷.

The aqueous extract from the seed administered orally stimulated work capacity in the human adult³⁸.

Caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are methylxanthines present in the aerial parts that share pharmacological action. Their relaxing effect on the smooth muscle has been extensively documented, particularly as a bronchodilator; stimulant of the central nervous system and the cardiac muscle, and diuretic³¹.

The pharmacological properties of caffeine, which are shared with theophylline and theobromine, although with less power in theobromine, can be summarized as follows:

Smooth muscle

Methylxanthines relax several smooth muscle fibers of the bronchus, the intestine and the ureter. Theophylline is the most powerful, followed by caffeine³¹.

Central nervous system

Caffeine (85-250 mg) is a stimulant; it increases the capacity for sustained intellectual activity and reduces reaction time. At high doses, it affects fine muscular coordination and arithmetic accuracy or ability. It stimulates medullar centers relating to respiration and emesis. At high doses, it may cause nausea and vomiting, as well as signs of nervous excitation ranging from nervousness to insomnia and even convulsions. Uninterrupted use may cause tolerance and physical dependence, as well as modification of sleeping patterns^39-40.

Cardiovascular system

Caffeine (250-350 mg) can cause a discrete increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with a slight reduction of the heart rate in individuals that do not use methylxantines. However, it has no effects in regular consumers of caffeine.

Theophylline causes a slight decrease of peripheral vascular resistance, cardiac stimulation and increases the perfusion of most organs. High doses of caffeine or theophylline induce tachycardia and may cause arrhythmias. The effects of caffeine are complex, as it directly affects the myocardium (increased contraction strength, cardiac frequency and blood flow), which implies increased cardiac effort and dilation of coronary and other blood vessels³¹.

Striated muscle

Caffeine stimulates muscle work capacity. Ingestion of caffeine (6 mg/kg) improves performance of cross-country runners, particularly in high altitudes. Caffeine and theophylline increase diaphragm contractibility while reducing fatigue in this muscle in normal individuals with chronic obstructive lung disease³¹.

Metabolic functions

Caffeine causes 0% increase in the basal metabolism of humans⁴¹ and does not affectthe content of fat acids in blood⁴², although its overall activity on cholesterol is unclear⁴³.

Digestive tract

Caffeine (250-500 mg) significantly stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in humans, probably due to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase in the cells of the gastric mucosa^44-46.

Diuresis

Methylxanthines, particularly theophylline, have a diuretic effect, and the increased pattern of volume and electrolyte excretion is similar to that of tyacids³¹.

Pharmacopoeia

Ed.2

References

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11 AESCHBACH R, KUSY A, MAIER HG, 1982 Diterpenes of coffee. I. Atractyligenin. Z Lebensm-Unters Forsch 175(5):337-341.

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15 SONDHEIMER E, 1958 On the distribution of caffeic acid and the chlorogenic acid isomers in plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 74(1):131-138.

16 MEISSNER W, PODKOWINSKA H, WALKOWSKI A, 1974 Determination of chlorogenic acids in green coffee. Zesz Nauk Akad Ekon Poznaniu Ser 1(58):71.

17 OKUDA T, HATANO T, AGATA I, NISHIBE S, KIMURA K, 1986 Tannins in Artemisia montana, A.princeps and related species of plant. Yakugaku Zasshi 106(10):894-899.

18 HAGGAG MY, 1975 A study of the lipid content of Coffea arabica seeds. Pharmazie 30:409.

19 MAZAAFERA P, 1991 Trigonelline in coffee. Phytochemistry 30(7):2309-2310.

20 TSUJI S, SHIBATA T, OHARA K, OKADA N, ITO Y, 1991 Factors affecting the formation of hydrogen peroxide in coffee. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 32(6):504-512.

21 STOFFELSMA J, SIPMA G, KETTENES DK, PYPKER J, 1968 New volatile components of roasted coffee. J Agric Food Chem 16(6):1000.

22 SPIRO M, 1997 Coffee, tea and chemistry. Chem Rev 6(5):11-15.

23 KOENIG WA, RAHN W, VETTER R, 1980 Identify and quantify emetic active constituents in roast coffee. Colloq Sci Int Café [C.R.] 9:145-149.

24 HOFMANN E, SCHLEE D, REINBOTHE H, 1969 On the occurrence and distribution of allantoin in Boraginaceae. Flora Abt A Physiol Biochem (Jena) 159:510-518.

25 MOLINA MR, DE LA FUENTE G, BATTEN MA, BRESSANI R, 1974 Decaffeination. A process to detoxify coffee pulp. J Agric Food Chem 22(6):1055.

26 KOLLING-SPEER I, SPEER K, 1997 Diterpenes in coffee leaves. Colloq Sci Int Café [C.R.] 17(15):1-154.

27 WALLER GR, JURZYSTE M, KARNS TKB, GENO PW, 1991 Isolation and identification of ursolic acid from Coffea arabica L. (coffee) leaves. Colloq Sci Int Cafe [C.R.] 14:245-247.

28 HIGUCHI K, SUZUKI T, ASHIHARA H, 1995 Pipecolic acid from the developing fruits (pericarp and seeds) of Coffea arabica and Camellia sinensis. Colloq Sci Int Café[C.R.] 16:389-395.

29 GONZALEZ J, NORIEGA R, SANDOVAL R, 1975 Contribution to the study of flavonoids of coffee tree (Coffea) leaves. Rev Colomb Quim 5:85.

30 CHOU C, WALLER G, 1980 Isolation and identification by mass spectrometry of phytotoxins inCoffea arabica. Bot Bull Acad Sinica (Taiwan) 21(1):25-34.

31 SERAFIN WE, 1996 Drugs used in the treatment of asthma. In: Hardman JG, Gilman AG, Limbird LE Eds. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9^th ed. New York, USA: The McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, International Edition. p672-679.

32 DUKE JA, ATCHLEY AA, 1986 Handbook of proximate analysis tables of higher plants. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. p47.

33 CAMBAR P, CANALES M, CASTRO E, CASTRO C, MEJIA A, MEDINA F, LAGOS K, AGUILAR J, 1996 Efectos respiratorios y cardiovasculares de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Coffea arabica L. en conejos. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

34 GARCIA M,Coto MT, González CS, Pazos L, 1998 Actividad bronquial del extracto acuoso de hoja fresca de Coffea arabica. Informe TRAMIL. Laboratorio de Ensayos Biológicos LEBI, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.

35 CAMBAR P, CANALES M, GAMES V, CASTRO E, MEJIA A, CASTRO C, 1996 Efectos de los extractos acuosos de las hojas de Coffea arabica L. en la producción de úlceras gástricas por ligadura del píloro en ratas. Informe TRAMIL. Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras UNAH, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

36 DAGLIA M, CUZZONI MT, DACARRO C, 1994 Antibacterial activity of coffee. J Agric Food Chem 42(10):2270-2272.

37 TODA M, OKUBO S, HIYOSHI R, SHIMAMURA T, 1989 The bactericidal activity of tea and coffee. Lett Appl Microbiol 8(4):123-125.

38 KOLEY J, KOLEY BN, MAITRA SR, 1973 Effect of drinking tea, coffee and caffeine on work performance. Indian J Physiol Allied Sci 27:96.

39 ESTLE C, 1982 Caffeine psychotrope agents. Berlin, Germany: Springer verlag, 17:369-389.

40 CURATOLO PW, ROBERTSON D, 1983 The health consequences of caffeine. Ann Intern Med 98:641-653.

41 GREDEN R, 1974 Anxiety of caffeinism. Am J Psychiatry 131:1089-1092.

42 REY H, 1979 Effet d'un gel de caféine par voie cutanée sur la lipolyse locale. Thèse doctorat Médecine, Bordeaux, France.

43 THIERMAM-DUFFAUD D, 1983 Le café augmente-t-il la cholestérolémie? La Presse Médicale 12(34):2062.

44 DEBAS HT, COHEN MM, HOLUBITSKY IB, HARRISON RC, 1971 Caffeine simulated gastric and pepsine secretion: dose-response studies. Scand J Gastroenterol 6(5):453-457.

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48 STADLER RH, TURESKY RJ, MULLER O, MARKOVIC J, LEONG-MORGENTHALER PM, 1994 The inhibitory effects of coffee on radical-mediated oxidation and mutagenicity. Mutat Res 308(2):177-190.

49 STICH HF, ROSIN MP, BRYSON L, 1982 Inhibition of mutagenicity of a model nitrosation reaction by naturally occurring phenolics, coffee and tea. Mutat Res 95:119-128.

50 OBANA H, NAKAMURA SI, TANAKA RI, 1986 Suppressive effects of coffee on the SOS responses induced by UV and chemical mutagens. Mutat Res 175(2):47-50.

51 FUJITA FY, WAKABAYASHI K, NAGAO M, SUGIMURA T, 1985 Characteristics of major mutagenicity of instant coffee. Mutat Res 142(4):145-148.

52 WURZNER HP, LINDSTROM E, VUATAZ L, LUGINBUHL H, 1977 A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. I. Body weight, food comsumption, hematological parameters and plasma chemistry. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:7.

53 NOLEN GA, 1981 The effect of brewed and instant coffee on reproduction and teratogenesis in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 58(2):171-183.

54 ABRAHAM SK, 1995 Inhibitory effects of coffee on transplacental genotoxicity in mice. Mutat Res 347(1):45-52.

55 WURZNER HP, LINDSTROM E, VUATAZ L, LUGINBUHL H, 1977 A 2-year feeding study of instant coffees in rats. II. Incidence and types of neoplasms. Food Cosmet Toxicol 15:289.

56 NAGASAWA H, YASUDA M, SAKAMOTO S, INATOMI H, 1995 Protection by coffee cherry against spontaneous mammary tumour development in mice. Anticancer Res 15(1):141-146.

57 HASEGAWA R, ITO N, 1992 Liver medium-term bioassay in rats for screening of carcinogens and modifying factors in hepatocarcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 30(11):979-992.

58 WILLETT WC, STAMPFER MJ, MANSON JE, COLDITZ GA, ROSNER BA, SPEIZER RE, HENNEKENS CH, 1996 Coffee consumption and coronary heart disease in women. J Amer Med Assoc 275(6):458-462.

59 TAVANI A, PREGNOLATO A, LA VECCHIA C, NEGRI E, TALAMINI R, FRANCESCHI S, 1997 Coffee and tea intake and risk of cancers of the colon and rectum: a study of 3,530 cases and 7,057 controls. Int J Cancer 73(2):193-197.

60 BARON JA, GREENBERG ER, HAILE R, MANDEL J, SANDLER RS, MOTT L, 1997 Coffee and tea and the risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6(1):7-10.

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62 WILLIAMS MA, MONSON RR, GOLDMAN MB, MITTENDORF R, 1990 Coffee and delayed conception. Lancet 335(8705):1603.

63 PIRACCINI BM, BARDAZZI F, VINCENZI C, TARDIO MP, 1990 Occupational contact dermatitis due to coffee. Contact Dermatitis 23(2):114.

64 NISHIBE Y, TOMONO N, HIRASAWA H, OKADA T, 1996 Skin-lightening cosmetics containing extracts of Coffea arabica seeds. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-08 92,057.

Disclaimer

The information provided is for educational purposes only for the benefit of the general public and health professionals. It is not intended to take the place of either the written law or regulations. Since some parts of plants could be toxic, might induce side effects, or might have interactions with certain drugs, anyone intending to use them or their products must first consult with a physician or another qualified health care professional. TRAMIL has no responsibility whatsoever towards the user for any decision, action or omission made in relation to the information contained in this Pharmacopoeia.

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Coffea arabica

Vernacular names

Dominican Republic:

Haiti:

Cuba:

Honduras:

Panama:

Dominican Republic:

Haiti:

Botanical description

Voucher(s)

Pharmacopoeia

References

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